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Interviewer: How popular were scrapbooks then?

Ellen: Extremely. Teachers, writers, curators and housewives, thousands of people kept scrapbooks. They left a permanent record of their times for us. Even President Abraham Lincoln kept scrapbooks. Mark Twain literally had his hands all over scrapbooks. He kept a glue pot at hand to stick his clippings in them. It was quite time-consuming, so he designed what he called Mark Twain's self-pasting scrapbook. It had pages with a strip of glue on them which you could moisten with a sponge, like a postage stamp, and stick in your clipping. That was wonderful! Imagine that with that invention he made more money than from some of his writing.

Interviewer: Really? Why was that so?

Ellen: It has a lot to do with what we today call intellectual property. In the 19th century copyright laws were not very strong and things were reprinted freely. Newspaper editors, some even called scissor editors, would cut articles from other newspapers and put them into theirs. Very often they dropped the names of the authors and as long as it said it was in exchange from another newspaper, the editors didn't worry much. Twain, as a writer, wasn't happy about it, because a lot of his stories were re-printed in popular press without the name of the author. That's why in one of his stories he included a character called Mark Twain so that nobody else could claim credit for that story.

Interviewer: That's very interesting. Could you tell us … .

By quoting the numbers at the beginning of the interview, Ellen wants to draw attention to the 3.1 ______________________________________________ we experience nowadays. However, she points out that this phenomenon is nothing new. The situation was similar in the 19th century. Today's practice of 3.2. _______________________________________ from other people's works began then.

Ellen says that in the 19th century many famous people kept scrapbooks. She gives an example of Mark Twain who 3.3. _______________________________________ for which he earned more money than for some of his writing.

Ellen also draws attention to the fact that 3.4. ___________________________________ did not function then in the same way as today. She describes a trick used by Mark Twain. When he was writing one of his stories for a magazine, he gave 3.5. _______________________________________ one of the characters. He wanted to make sure he would be easily identified as the author.