Darmowe konto pozwoli wrócić do niego później.

Woman: Have the possible consequences of the proliferation of deepfakes been investigated?

Man: Yes, we are fortunate to have different media outlets which uncover the workings of the deepfake industry. Academics have also taken an interest in this subject. For example, a recently published report analyzes the range of threats that deepfakes pose. These include escalating social divisions, eroding trust in democratic institutions, and inflicting damage on the reputation of elected officials and candidates for office.

Woman: And the last question. Is there any way to counteract the spread of deepfakes?

Man: Given that deepfakes are based on artificial intelligence, researchers are looking to AI for an effective means of identifying the use of deepfake technology. They have already developed sophisticated deepfake detection systems which flag images that have been tampered with. Another defensive approach is to add a filter to an image file that makes it impossible to generate a deepfake. But optimists confident that we're in a position to prevent the spread of deepfakes are few and far between and I wouldn't number myself among them. I don't believe that technological solutions will ultimately be able to eradicate deepfakes from public space. I rather imagine that, just like in the case of cybersecurity, the struggle against deepfakes will be an endless cat-and-mouse chase, where breakthroughs in deepfake detection spur further innovation in deepfake generation. Consequently, no single solution will suffice. But an essential first step is to increase public awareness that deepfakes are not benign.

Text 2

The King's Speech is a great film. Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush give truly impressive performances, the former as King George VI and the latter as Lionel Logue, the King's speech therapist. To portray the King's stammer, Colin Firth watched the available archive footage of King George VI speaking until he could reproduce the monarch's speech convincingly. The film takes us back to the time when the British monarchy began to adopt a more approachable image; when they became "the Royal Family" rather than proud rulers. Although the film's relationship to the historical record seems fairly accurate, there are two exceptions. The first problem is that the part Winston Churchill played in the abdication crisis has been stood on its head. He famously supported King Edward, so why, in the film, is he encouraging George to become King?

The biggest distortion, however, isn't about Churchill but about the speech therapist himself. In the film, as was actually the case, Lionel Logue's consulting room is in Harley Street, a prestigious address in central London. Yet, in the film, the place is depicted as a humble East End terraced house with the front door opening straight onto a dirty pavement, where ragged children play. The point was probably to show that Logue's friendship with the man who became King bridged all kinds of divisions, but it contradicts the facts. The real Lionel Logue lived with his family first in The Boltons, an exclusive neighbourhood in Kensington, and then in a Victorian villa called Beechgrove which had 25 rooms and five acres of garden. Logue had never been poor – he was a prosperous middle-class Australian who emigrated to Britain. He was perfectly loyal to his monarch and proud of having direct access to royalty. However, for obvious dramatic reasons, this wasn't the kind of personality the makers of The King's Speech had in mind. That's why, in the film, Lionel Logue became someone more impertinent, an Australian with little respect for royal etiquette who dares to address the King using his familial nickname – Bertie.

In fact, the character of the speech therapist in the original screenplay was drawn even more crudely. But before filming started, Mark Logue, the grandson of the famous speech therapist, unearthed correspondence exchanged between his grandfather and the King. He shared the letters with the director, who decided the screenplay had to be revised in order to soften the character. One of the remnants that survived from the original version is the swearing-to-cure-stammering therapy used to treat the King's stammer. However, Mark Logue doubts if the method was ever used by his grandfather. According to Mark, the contents of the letters prove that although the two had a remarkable friendship, there was a certain etiquette that Lionel abided by, for example addressing George VI unfailingly as "Your Royal Highness".

2.1. When answering the first question, Ben

A. disapproves of using the clip with predictions about 2020 as an example of a deepfake.

B. claims that one needs to be a proficient computer user to create a deepfake.

C. points out that only experts can distinguish deepfakes from real videos.

D. mentions a deepfake which was an eye-opener for many people.

2.2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned among the likely consequences of the spread of deepfakes?

A. growing social tension

B. falling ratings of media outlets

C. lower credibility of public figures

D. increased distrust towards institutions

2.3. Which sentence best reflects Ben's opinion on fighting deepfakes?

A. Any method of fighting deepfakes experts come up with will not be a long-term solution.

B. Fighting deepfakes is a lost cause and might as well be abandoned fairly soon.

C. By making use of AI, people will eventually win the battle against deepfakes.

D. There is a high chance of curbing deepfakes if cybersecurity is tightened.

2.4. In his review of The King's Speech, the speaker points out that

A. the film focuses too much on Winston Churchill's personal life.

B. the actor playing King George exaggerated the monarch's stammer.

C. during King George's reign the British monarchy became more glamorous.

D. a fact connected with King Edward's abdication is misrepresented in the film.

2.5. From the speaker we learn that in the film Lionel Logue

A. receives his patients in a place which looks unimpressive.

B. is depicted as a well-off immigrant from Australia.

C. moves into a Victorian villa on the outskirts of London.

D. always addresses the King with due respect.

2.6. Based on the contents of the letters discovered by Logue's grandson, we can conclude that

A. Lionel Logue's attitude to the King changed over time.

B. the script was altered to emphasize Lionel Logue's daring.

C. Lionel Logue's behaviour during therapy is unlikely to have breached royal etiquette.

D. the swearing-to-cure-stammering therapy proved ineffective in relation to the King's impediment.