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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuA sea otter loses body heat more rapidly when immersed than when resting in air at the same temperature. Which difference between the two surroundings best explains the need for dense insulating fur? A. Water transfers thermal energy away from the body more…
A nucleotide contains one of the pentose structures shown. Which structure can provide the sugar component of a DNA nucleotide? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure C D. Structure D
Two purified triglyceride mixtures have fatty acid chains of similar length. Mixture X contains many cis double bonds and melts below mixture Y. Which explanation is consistent with this result? A. The double bonds make X a polymer of glycerol B. Kinks in the…
In a model reaction, glycine and serine join through a single peptide linkage. Which additional product is released by this condensation? A. A molecule of carbon dioxide B. A phosphate ion C. A molecule of water D. A molecule of oxygen
An enzyme catalyses the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller reactants. Which energy profile is consistent with an anabolic reaction that still has an activation barrier? R and P indicate the reactant and product ends of each curve. A. Profile A B.…
A dashed curve shows enzyme activity without an inhibitor. Which solid curve is expected after adding a reversible non-competitive inhibitor at a fixed concentration? A. Curve A B. Curve B C. Curve C D. Curve D
A human muscle fibre can obtain energy aerobically or, for a short time, without oxygen. Which outcome occurs in both pathways? A. All carbon atoms from glucose are released as carbon dioxide B. Glucose breakdown supplies energy for ATP synthesis C. The…
The scheme follows exchanges between two stages of photosynthesis. Which letter represents oxidized NADP returning for reuse? A. A B. B C. C D. D
A thermocycler follows the temperature programme shown. What is the purpose of holding the mixture at stage X? A. To expose the templates by melting hydrogen bonds B. To permit primers to anneal at the lowest temperature C. To allow the thermostable polymerase…
A ribosome is elongating a polypeptide. Which arrangement allows the next peptide bond to form? A. Two mRNA templates are aligned in the large subunit B. A tRNA carrying the growing chain and an aminoacyl-tRNA occupy adjacent ribosomal sites C. The DNA…
Researchers use CRISPR–Cas9 to correct a defective DNA sequence in cultured cells. Which description best identifies the basis of this approach? A. Selective destruction of all messenger RNA in the cell B. Replacement of the entire nucleus with a bacterial…
A cell drawing shows a nucleus whose actual diameter PQ is 6.0 μm. Use the millimetre ruler aligned with the drawing to measure PQ. What is the magnification? A. 30× B. 300× C. 3000× D. 30 000×
A researcher freezes a cell sample and splits membranes before electron imaging. Which feature is this technique particularly useful for examining? A. The nucleotide sequence of a chromosome B. The distribution of structures embedded within the lipid bilayer…
At constant temperature, I represents simple diffusion and II represents channel-mediated diffusion. Which interpretation of the labelled positions is valid? A. At W, the particles have lost most of their thermal energy B. At X, the finite number of channels…
A membrane invagination develops a clathrin coat before becoming an intracellular vesicle. What is the role of this protein? A. It supplies a scaffold that helps the membrane curve into a budding vesicle B. It hydrolyses the vesicle cargo in an acidic lumen C.…
A student compares a skeletal muscle fibre with a cardiac muscle cell. Which pair correctly gives a feature shared by both and a feature distinguishing them? A. Shared: contractile myofibrils; difference: the cardiac cell is usually branched B. Shared: one…
Hormone H enters a target cell. Its receptor complex then promotes transcription, as shown. Which hormone could be H? A. Glucagon B. FSH C. Testosterone D. Insulin
An impulse reaches the end of a motor neuron. Which event directly signals synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine? A. Calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal through opened channels B. Potassium ions bind to receptors on the muscle cell surface C.…
A liver cell reduces the amount of a particular enzyme after it is no longer needed. Which process limits further synthesis by removing the existing message? A. A nuclease degrades the enzyme-coding mRNA B. A protease converts the promoter into a silencer C. A…
Reciprocal crosses between lions and tigers can produce different adult hybrid sizes. Which explanation attributes this difference to inherited epigenetic information? A. The larger hybrid must have twice as many chromosomes B. All paternal alleles are…
A survey records Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Betula pubescens and Quercus petraea. What can be deduced from these names? A. All four plants belong to one species B. Betula pendula and Betula pubescens share a genus C. Quercus robur and Betula pendula share…
Biologists filter pond water, extract DNA and compare short sequences with a reference barcode library. What can this procedure help them determine? A. Which species have left genetic material in the pond B. The age of every individual living in the pond C.…
The trace includes quiet breathing followed by maximal inspiration and expiration. Which labelled interval represents expiratory reserve volume? A. A B. B C. C D. D
A simplified diagram shows vessels supplying a healthy tissue. Which movement is favoured at region X in the standard capillary fluid-exchange model? A. Large plasma proteins escaping through intact capillary walls B. Interstitial fluid returning into the…
When a relaxed sarcomere is stretched, titin develops a restoring force. Which benefit follows from this property? A. It protects the sarcomere against excessive extension B. It replaces myosin as the ATP-driven walking motor C. It makes a contracting muscle…
Which description is compatible with a peripheral nerve supplying the skin and nearby skeletal muscle? A. A bundle that may contain sensory and motor axons, some insulated by myelin B. A chain of interneuron cell bodies joined by synapses along its entire…
Plant tissue pieces are cultured with different concentrations of two growth regulators. The diagram summarizes the responses. Which pair could account for these patterns? A. P: ethylene; Q: abscisic acid B. P: cytokinin; Q: auxin C. P: glucose; Q: nitrate D.…
Three statements describe possible immune responses. I. Recognition of features shared by many pathogens II. A much stronger antigen-specific response after a second exposure III. Rapid engulfment of microbes by phagocytes Which statements describe innate…
During human fertilization, most of the sperm structure is dismantled after entry. Which sperm component joins an egg structure as the two cells initially fuse? A. The flagellar microtubule bundle joins the egg nucleus B. The acrosomal cap becomes the egg…
In a plant species, flower pigment shows incomplete dominance. A true-breeding dark-magenta plant is crossed with a true-breeding white plant. What flower phenotype is expected in the first generation? A. All flowers have an intermediate pale-magenta colour B.…
A class measures the heights of students of the same age. The distribution is shown below. Which combination best explains this continuous variation? A. A single recessive allele and ABO blood group B. Effects of several genes together with differences in…
The graph follows glucose in the filtrate of a healthy nephron. Which process best explains the decrease along the proximal convoluted tubule? A. Glucose is transported from the filtrate and returned to the circulation B. Water enters the filtrate…
Two insect populations become reproductively isolated because they mate on different host plants within the same woodland. Which feature makes this an example of sympatric rather than allopatric speciation? A. Their descendants will necessarily have identical…
A threatened woodland dormouse depends on connected patches of native shrubs. Which action is an in situ conservation measure? A. Maintaining a breeding colony entirely in an overseas zoological collection B. Freezing tissue samples in a laboratory collection…
This simplified diagram positions terrestrial biomes along two increasing climatic variables. What do X and Y represent? A. X: annual temperature; Y: annual precipitation B. X: annual precipitation; Y: annual temperature C. X: soil nitrogen; Y: day length D.…
A cover crop releases compounds that suppress germination of nearby plants. What agricultural use could follow from this allelopathic effect? A. Replacing all mineral nutrients with the released compounds B. Developing a treatment that reduces weed…
In an isolated meadow, plants accumulate new biomass and herbivores use some of it for growth. Over the same area and time, which comparison of production rates is expected? A. Primary production exceeds secondary production because part of the consumed carbon…
Male widowbirds display long tail feathers, whereas females have much shorter tails. Which explanation invokes sexual selection for the male trait? A. Males with more attractive displays leave more offspring because females choose them B. Long tails directly…
A population is modelled using Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Consider these proposed conditions. I. No alleles enter or leave through migration. II. Each genotype has the same expected reproductive success. III. Only a few individuals contribute gametes to the…
The diagram represents a feedback involving thawed, waterlogged organic soils. Which combination correctly identifies R and S? A. R: anaerobic decomposition; S: methane B. R: mineral crystallization; S: oxygen C. R: photosynthetic fixation; S: nitrogen D. R:…
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