Heatmapa egzaminu IB

Unity and diversity

Water

1. Water polarity and intermolecular attraction7zadań
2. Water cohesion in organisms6zadań
3. Living in water versus air5zadań
4. Earth's supply and retention of water1zadanie
5. Liquid water and habitable planets1zadanie
6. Water adhesion and capillarity1zadanie
7. Dissolved substances in biological fluids0zadań
8. Life in an aqueous environment0zadań

Nucleic acids

1. DNA packaging around histones10zadań
2. Parts of a nucleotide7zadań
3. Pairing and orientation in double-stranded DNA5zadań
4. Complementarity in copying and using genes4zadania
5. Interpreting Chargaff's base measurements4zadania
6. Building an RNA strand3zadania
7. Distinguishing RNA from DNA3zadania
8. Interpreting the Hershey–Chase experiment3zadania
9. The hereditary material of cells3zadania
10. Base-pair geometry in the DNA helix2zadania
11. Covalent links along nucleic acid strands2zadania
12. Information capacity of DNA sequences1zadanie
13. Reading nucleic acid directionality1zadanie
14. A shared genetic code and common ancestry0zadań
15. The nucleic acid alphabet0zadań

Origins of cells

1. Testing abiotic organic synthesis3zadania
2. Requirements for the first cells2zadania
3. The RNA-first hypothesis2zadania
4. Cells and the boundary of life1zadanie
5. Hydrothermal settings for early life1zadanie
6. Inferring a universal cellular ancestor1zadanie
7. Prebiotic chemistry on early Earth1zadanie
8. Self-assembly of primitive compartments1zadanie
9. Dating the earliest cellular life0zadań

Cell structure

1. Organization of a bacterial cell12zadań
2. Evidence for endosymbiotic organelles10zadań
3. Organization of a eukaryotic cell10zadań
4. Preparing and measuring microscope specimens7zadań
5. Comparing plant, fungal and animal cells6zadań
6. Choosing modern microscopy methods3zadania
7. Exceptions to typical nuclear organization2zadania
8. Life functions within one cell2zadania
9. Gene expression and cell specialization1zadanie
10. Repeated origins of multicellular life1zadanie
11. Cell theory as a predictive framework0zadań
12. Drawing cells from electron images0zadań
13. Features shared by cellular organisms0zadań
14. Recognizing cells in micrographs0zadań

Viruses

1. Phage replication through host lysis8zadań
2. The shared core of viral structure7zadań
3. Prophages and lysogenic infection5zadań
4. Evaluating multiple viral origins3zadania
5. Viral evolution and disease control3zadania
6. Comparing viral architectures2zadania

Diversity of organisms

1. Using scientific species names6zadań
2. Investigating genome size in databases5zadań
3. Detecting species through environmental DNA4zadania
4. Shared and variable regions within a species genome4zadania
5. Applications of whole-genome sequencing2zadania
6. Fertility as a species criterion2zadania
7. Reading karyograms and chromosome fusion evidence2zadania
8. Species boundaries without sexual reproduction2zadania
9. Chromosome compatibility and hybrid fertility1zadanie
10. Comparing chromosome counts1zadanie
11. Recognizing species during gradual divergence1zadanie
12. Constructing a local identification key0zadań
13. Grouping species by visible traits0zadań
14. Patterns of biological variation0zadań
15. Variation among eukaryotic genomes0zadań

Classification and cladistics

1. Constructing trees from sequence comparisons14zadań
2. Reading nodes and branches in cladograms13zadań
3. Estimating divergence with molecular clocks6zadań
4. Identifying clades from shared ancestry6zadań
5. rRNA evidence for the three domains5zadań
6. Limits of ranked taxonomic hierarchies4zadania
7. Predictive value of evolutionary classification3zadania
8. Revising classifications with cladistic evidence2zadania
9. Why biologists classify organisms0zadań

Evolution and speciation

1. Speciation with or without geographical separation10zadań
2. Rapid plant speciation through chromosome change9zadań
3. Isolation and divergent selection7zadań
4. Homology as evidence of shared ancestry6zadań
5. Independent origins of similar adaptations6zadań
6. Molecular evidence of evolutionary relationships4zadania
7. Selective breeding as evidence of evolution4zadania
8. Diversification into vacant niches3zadania
9. Maintaining reproductive barriers between species3zadania
10. Heritable change in populations1zadanie
11. Speciation versus change within a lineage0zadań

Conservation of biodiversity

1. Pressures behind declining biodiversity7zadań
2. Combining conservation approaches4zadania
3. Human-driven loss of ecosystems3zadania
4. Assessing evidence of biodiversity decline2zadania
5. Setting conservation priorities with EDGE2zadania
6. Estimating present and historical species richness1zadanie
7. Human-driven extinction case studies1zadanie
8. Levels of biological diversity0zadań

Form and function

Carbohydrates and lipids

1. Cellulose fibres and plant support10zadań
2. Assembling glycerol-based lipids6zadań
3. Storing glucose in starch and glycogen6zadań
4. Fat reserves and insulation5zadań
5. Simple sugars and their biological roles4zadania
6. Steroid structure and membrane passage4zadania
7. Amphipathic lipids and bilayer assembly3zadania
8. Fatty acid saturation and melting behaviour3zadania
9. Breaking polymers through hydrolysis1zadanie
10. Carbohydrate markers on cell surfaces0zadań
11. Carbon bonding and molecular diversity0zadań
12. Joining monomers into biological polymers0zadań
13. Lipids in polar and non-polar solvents0zadań

Proteins

1. Interactions stabilizing tertiary structure9zadań
2. Multi-subunit and conjugated proteins7zadań
3. Making peptide bonds6zadań
4. Representing an amino acid6zadań
5. Helices and sheets in polypeptides5zadań
6. Amino acid sequence and protein folding3zadania
7. Essential amino acids in the diet3zadania
8. Positioning polar and non-polar residues3zadania
9. Protein denaturation by heat or pH2zadania
10. Side-chain chemistry in proteins2zadania
11. Protein shape suited to function1zadanie
12. Sequence diversity in polypeptides0zadań

Membranes and membrane transport

1. Selective diffusion through protein channels11zadań
2. ATP-powered membrane pumps7zadań
3. Cholesterol as a fluidity buffer6zadań
4. Direct diffusion through a lipid bilayer5zadań
5. Osmosis through membranes and aquaporins5zadań
6. Ion exchange by the sodium–potassium pump4zadania
7. Membrane remodelling during vesicle transport4zadania
8. The lipid framework of membranes4zadania
9. Lipid saturation and membrane flexibility3zadania
10. Opening neuronal channels with signals3zadania
11. The membrane's hydrophobic barrier3zadania
12. Determinants of membrane permeability2zadania
13. Membrane carbohydrates in recognition and adhesion2zadania
14. Protein positions within membranes2zadania
15. Representing the fluid mosaic membrane2zadania
16. Using sodium gradients to absorb glucose2zadania
17. Molecular attachment between tissue cells0zadań

Organelles and compartmentalization

1. Protein destinations and ribosome location5zadań
2. Vesicle formation and intracellular delivery5zadań
3. Mitochondrial design for aerobic ATP synthesis3zadania
4. Processing proteins in the Golgi complex3zadania
5. Benefits of intracellular compartments2zadania
6. Recognizing functional cell organelles2zadania
7. Chloroplast design for photosynthetic reactions1zadanie
8. Nuclear envelope organization and remodelling1zadanie
9. Separating transcription from translation0zadań

Cell specialization

1. Comparing stem cell developmental potential8zadań
2. Division of labour among alveolar cells7zadań
3. Comparing cardiac and skeletal muscle cells5zadań
4. Embryonic gradients and differentiation3zadania
5. Self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells3zadania
6. Adult stem cells and their niches2zadania
7. Increasing the surface available for exchange2zadania
8. Specialized structures of human gametes1zadanie
9. Cell dimensions and exchange limitations0zadań
10. Specialization and the range of human cell sizes0zadań

Gas exchange

1. Water loss during leaf gas exchange14zadań
2. Pressure changes in breathing11zadań
3. Oxygen binding in fetal and adult haemoglobin10zadań
4. Interpreting haemoglobin dissociation curves7zadań
5. Alveolar lung organization5zadań
6. Carbon dioxide and oxygen unloading5zadań
7. Measuring respiratory volumes5zadań
8. Sustaining gas concentration gradients4zadania
9. Features of effective respiratory surfaces3zadania
10. Leaf structures supporting gas exchange2zadania
11. Mapping tissues in a leaf section1zadanie
12. Estimating stomatal density0zadań
13. Size-related challenges of exchanging gases0zadań

Transport

1. Coordinating the cardiac cycle14zadań
2. Phloem cells and source-to-sink transport14zadań
3. Heart structures and directed blood flow11zadań
4. Coronary obstruction and epidemiological evidence9zadań
5. Arterial walls and high-pressure flow4zadania
6. Cohesion and tension in the transpiration stream4zadania
7. Low-pressure return through veins3zadania
8. Mineral uptake and positive root pressure3zadania
9. Single and double circulatory pathways3zadania
10. Xylem vessels suited to water transport3zadania
11. Capillary filtration and fluid return2zadania
12. Capillary structure and rapid exchange2zadania
13. Exchange between cells and interstitial fluid2zadania
14. Identifying arteries and veins in sections2zadania
15. Determining heart rate from the pulse1zadanie
16. Recognizing tissues in a dicot root1zadanie
17. Recognizing tissues in a dicot stem1zadanie
18. Lymphatic recovery of tissue fluid0zadań

Muscle and motility

1. Muscle recoil and opposing muscle action8zadań
2. Sarcomere shortening by filament sliding7zadań
3. Measuring joint mobility4zadania
4. How a synovial hip joint moves3zadania
5. Skeletons as muscle anchors and levers3zadania
6. Marine mammal adaptations for swimming1zadanie
7. Opposing actions of intercostal muscles1zadanie
8. Biological benefits of locomotion0zadań
9. Movement in motile and sessile organisms0zadań
10. Organization of a skeletal motor unit0zadań

Adaptation to environment

1. Abiotic limits on species distributions8zadań
2. Survival in deserts and tropical forests5zadań
3. Recognizing major biome climates4zadania
4. Climate and the distribution of terrestrial biomes3zadania
5. Investigating tolerance along a transect3zadania
6. Environmental requirements of coral reefs2zadania
7. Adapting to dune and mangrove conditions0zadań
8. Describing an organism's habitat0zadań

Ecological niches

1. Animal feeding and internal digestion6zadań
2. Plant defences and herbivore counter-adaptations5zadań
3. Potential and occupied ecological niches5zadań
4. Feeding by external decomposition4zadania
5. Outcomes of overlapping resource use4zadania
6. Describing an ecological role3zadania
7. Combining autotrophy and heterotrophy2zadania
8. Comparing oxygen requirements1zadanie
9. Predator and prey adaptations1zadanie
10. Energy sources among archaea0zadań
11. Inferring hominid diets from teeth0zadań
12. Photosynthetic modes of nutrition0zadań
13. Strategies for reaching light in forests0zadań

Interaction and interdependence

Enzymes and metabolism

1. Conditions affecting enzyme reaction rates22zadania
2. Competition for enzyme active sites14zadań
3. Allosteric inhibition of enzyme activity9zadań
4. Building and breaking down biological molecules4zadania
5. End-product control of biosynthesis4zadania
6. Enzymes and reaction energy profiles4zadania
7. Determining rates of enzyme activity3zadania
8. Metabolic heat production3zadania
9. Shape changes during substrate binding3zadania
10. Accelerating cellular reactions with enzymes2zadania
11. Linear and cyclic metabolic sequences2zadania
12. Molecular encounters in enzyme reactions2zadania
13. Specificity and loss of active-site shape2zadania
14. Enzyme reactions inside and outside cells1zadanie
15. Enzyme control of metabolic networks0zadań
16. Irreversible inhibition and altered enzyme targets0zadań
17. The catalytic site of a folded enzyme0zadań

Cell respiration

1. Carbon and electron transfers in the Krebs cycle6zadań
2. Human respiration with and without oxygen6zadań
3. Investigating rates of cellular respiration6zadań
4. Mitochondrial ATP production by chemiosmosis6zadań
5. Electron flow driving proton pumping5zadań
6. ATP as a transferable cellular energy supply4zadania
7. Cellular work powered by ATP4zadania
8. Energy transfers during glycolysis4zadania
9. Oxygen accepting electrons at the respiratory chain4zadania
10. Preparing acetyl groups for the Krebs cycle4zadania
11. Reduced NAD feeding mitochondrial electron transport4zadania
12. Hydrogen transfer and NAD reduction3zadania
13. Respiration and energy from organic substrates3zadania
14. Yeast fermentation in food production3zadania
15. Comparing fuels for respiration2zadania
16. Lactate formation and NAD regeneration2zadania
17. Energy coupling in the ATP–ADP cycle0zadań

Photosynthesis

1. Testing limiting factors in photosynthesis8zadań
2. Comparing absorption with photosynthetic action7zadań
3. Rubisco and initial carbon fixation7zadań
4. Separating and identifying leaf pigments7zadań
5. Reducing fixed carbon to triose phosphate6zadań
6. Restoring the Calvin cycle carbon acceptor6zadań
7. Coupling light reactions with carbon fixation5zadań
8. Locating the light-dependent reactions4zadania
9. Water splitting at photosystem II4zadania
10. Making biomass from Calvin cycle products3zadania
11. Organization of a photosystem3zadania
12. Carbon enrichment experiments and plant growth2zadania
13. Electron transfer from photosystem I to NADP2zadania
14. Photophosphorylation across thylakoid membranes2zadania
15. Capturing light energy in organic compounds1zadanie
16. Cooperation among photosystem pigments1zadanie
17. The source of photosynthetic oxygen1zadanie
18. Light absorption by photosynthetic pigments0zadań
19. Photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide0zadań

Chemical signalling

1. Bacterial coordination by quorum sensing11zadań
2. Ligand recognition by receptor proteins6zadań
3. Receptor location and ligand solubility6zadań
4. Insulin receptors and glucose transporter delivery5zadań
5. From receptor binding to a cellular response4zadania
6. Adrenaline signalling through cyclic AMP3zadania
7. Receptors coupled to G proteins3zadania
8. Short-range and long-range chemical communication3zadania
9. Steroid receptors regulating transcription3zadania
10. Functional classes of animal signals2zadania
11. Ligand-gated channels changing membrane voltage2zadania
12. Chemical variety among signalling molecules0zadań
13. Feedback within signalling pathways0zadań
14. Target-cell responses to reproductive hormones0zadań

Neural signalling

1. Ion channel events in an action potential12zadań
2. Calcium-triggered neurotransmitter release10zadań
3. Chemical interference with synaptic transmission10zadań
4. Producing an excitatory postsynaptic response9zadań
5. Directional communication at chemical synapses6zadań
6. Reading electrical recordings of neurons5zadań
7. Factors determining nerve conduction speed4zadania
8. Ion gradients and the resting membrane voltage3zadania
9. Neuron structure and electrical signalling3zadania
10. Node-to-node conduction in myelinated axons3zadania
11. Combining excitatory and inhibitory inputs2zadania
12. Inhibitory signals and hyperpolarization2zadania
13. Local currents and impulse propagation1zadanie
14. Action potentials as travelling nerve signals0zadań
15. Consciousness as an emergent property0zadań
16. Stimulus detection by pain receptors0zadań

Integration of body systems

1. Auxin-driven wall loosening and elongation12zadań
2. Chemical feedback adjusting breathing11zadań
3. Melatonin and daily sleep timing8zadań
4. The brain combining information8zadań
5. Polar auxin transport between plant cells7zadań
6. Ethylene feedback during fruit ripening6zadań
7. Balancing root and shoot growth with hormones5zadań
8. Sensory feedback adjusting cardiac output5zadań
9. Shoot growth towards lateral illumination4zadania
10. The withdrawal reflex pathway4zadania
11. Adrenaline preparing the body for activity3zadania
12. Nervous control along the digestive tract3zadania
13. Cerebellar coordination of movement2zadania
14. Motor pathways to skeletal muscles2zadania
15. Sensory pathways to the central nervous system2zadania
16. Chemical coordination of plant development1zadanie
17. Coordinating components of living systems1zadanie
18. Hypothalamic and pituitary endocrine control1zadanie
19. Recording and measuring seedling tropisms1zadanie
20. Spinal coordination of unconscious responses1zadanie
21. The organization of a mixed nerve1zadanie
22. Communication and transport between organs0zadań
23. Integration across levels of body organization0zadań

Defence against disease

1. Selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria10zadań
2. Selective effects of antibiotics9zadań
3. Antigen recognition and antibody responses6zadań
4. Helper T cells activating specific B cells6zadań
5. Clot formation after tissue damage5zadań
6. Long-lived memory and immunity5zadań
7. Clonal expansion and plasma cell formation4zadania
8. Comparing innate and adaptive defences4zadania
9. Phagocyte movement and pathogen destruction4zadania
10. Vaccination and immune preparation4zadania
11. Pathogens crossing between animal species3zadania
12. HIV damage to immune coordination2zadania
13. Population immunity and transmission2zadania
14. Surface barriers against infection2zadania
15. Infectious agents and disease1zadanie
16. Lymphocyte cooperation in antibody production1zadanie
17. Routes of HIV transmission1zadanie
18. Interpreting pandemic data0zadań

Populations and communities

1. Reciprocal benefits in mutualistic partnerships11zadań
2. Interpreting population growth patterns8zadań
3. Classifying interactions between species7zadań
4. Control from consumers or resources6zadań
5. Invasive species and resource advantage6zadań
6. Resource limits and carrying capacity6zadań
7. Density-linked predator–prey dynamics5zadań
8. Chemical suppression of competitors4zadania
9. Density-dependent population regulation4zadania
10. Estimating mobile populations by recapture4zadania
11. Testing a sigmoid growth model4zadania
12. Testing species association with chi-squared4zadania
13. Communities as interacting populations1zadanie
14. Defining an interacting population1zadanie
15. Interactions among members of a species1zadanie
16. Estimating abundance with quadrats0zadań
17. Investigating competition experimentally0zadań
18. Random samples and population estimates0zadań

Transfers of energy and matter

1. Assigning trophic positions15zadań
2. Decomposition and nutrient recycling8zadań
3. Energy transfer through feeding6zadań
4. Mapping carbon recycling5zadań
5. Respiratory heat loss from ecosystems5zadań
6. Biomass accumulation by heterotrophs4zadania
7. Measuring biomass production by autotrophs4zadania
8. Organic carbon acquisition by heterotrophs4zadania
9. Organic energy supplies for decomposers4zadania
10. Representing feeding networks4zadania
11. Drawing quantitative energy pyramids3zadania
12. Energy sources sustaining ecosystems3zadania
13. Net carbon uptake and release by ecosystems3zadania
14. Carbon release through burning stored fuels2zadania
15. Energy constraints on food-chain length2zadania
16. Light-powered and chemical-powered autotrophy2zadania
17. Respiration in producers and consumers2zadania
18. Seasonal and long-term atmospheric carbon patterns2zadania
19. Autotrophic synthesis from inorganic materials1zadanie
20. Explaining energy losses between trophic levels1zadanie
21. Inputs and outputs of an ecosystem1zadanie
22. Reciprocal gas supplies from photosynthesis and respiration1zadanie

Continuity and change

DNA replication

1. Amplifying DNA and separating fragments26zadań
2. Interpreting DNA profiles9zadań
3. Coordinating bacterial replication enzymes8zadań
4. Continuous and fragmentary DNA replication3zadania
5. Template-based semiconservative replication3zadania
6. Correcting mismatches during DNA synthesis2zadania
7. Copying DNA for growth and reproduction1zadanie
8. The direction of DNA strand extension1zadanie
9. Unwinding and copying DNA strands1zadanie

Protein synthesis

1. Starting translation and using ribosomal sites9zadań
2. Matching codons with anticodons8zadań
3. Processing a eukaryotic RNA transcript7zadań
4. Strand direction in transcription and translation7zadań
5. Triplets, degeneracy and the shared genetic code7zadań
6. Cooperation of RNA and ribosomes in translation5zadań
7. Base pairing during RNA synthesis4zadania
8. Producing RNA from a DNA template4zadania
9. Protein turnover and amino acid reuse4zadania
10. Decoding mRNA with a codon table3zadania
11. Promoters and the start of transcription3zadania
12. Functions of DNA that does not encode proteins2zadania
13. Point mutations and altered protein structure2zadania
14. Maturation of newly synthesized polypeptides1zadanie
15. Converting an mRNA message into a polypeptide0zadań
16. Elongation of a polypeptide at the ribosome0zadań
17. Multiple protein variants through RNA splicing0zadań
18. Preserving DNA while transcribing genes0zadań
19. Transcription as a gate for gene expression0zadań

Mutation and gene editing

1. Recognizing molecular changes in genes7zadań
2. Effects of single-base substitutions5zadań
3. Inferring gene function by knockout5zadań
4. Targeted editing with CRISPR–Cas95zadań
5. Sources of mutational change4zadania
6. Insertions, deletions and reading-frame disruption2zadania
7. Mutation supplying new genetic variation2zadania
8. Explaining conserved gene sequences0zadań
9. Mutation without directed adaptation0zadań
10. Somatic versus germline mutations0zadań

Cell and nuclear division

1. Genetic diversity generated by meiosis11zadań
2. Halving chromosome number through meiosis9zadań
3. Purposes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear division6zadań
4. Tumour behaviour and the mitotic index5zadań
5. Meiotic segregation errors and trisomy4zadania
6. Mutations disrupting cell-cycle regulation3zadania
7. Replicated chromosomes before nuclear division3zadania
8. Sequence of events in mitosis3zadania
9. Dividing cytoplasm in plants and animals2zadania
10. New cells through division of existing cells2zadania
11. Packaging and moving chromosomes2zadania
12. Progression through the cell cycle2zadania
13. Biosynthesis and organelle growth in interphase1zadanie
14. Cell multiplication in development and repair1zadanie
15. Cyclin thresholds and cell-cycle checkpoints1zadanie
16. Symmetric and asymmetric cytoplasmic division1zadanie
17. Recognizing mitotic stages in images0zadań

Gene expression

1. Methylation marks and transcriptional regulation5zadań
2. Comparing a cell's genome, transcripts and proteins2zadania
3. DNA-binding proteins controlling transcription2zadania
4. Environmental modification of epigenetic marks2zadania
5. From gene information to phenotype2zadania
6. Incomplete resetting of gamete epigenetic marks2zadania
7. mRNA lifespan and protein output2zadania
8. Twin studies of environmental gene regulation2zadania
9. Differentiation without changing DNA sequence0zadań
10. External signals switching gene activity0zadań
11. Inheritance of epigenetic states0zadań

Water potential

1. Combining pressure and solute potentials9zadań
2. Osmotic effects on cells without walls9zadań
3. Water potential changes in plant tissues6zadań
4. Osmosis across a cell membrane5zadań
5. Turgor and plasmolysis in walled cells4zadania
6. Comparing solution tonicity3zadania
7. Measuring osmotic changes in plant tissue3zadania
8. Predicting flow from water potential differences3zadania
9. Interactions during aqueous solvation0zadań
10. Interpreting water potential values0zadań
11. Protecting cells with isotonic fluids0zadań

Reproduction

1. Comparing sperm and egg formation5zadań
2. Hormonal coordination of the menstrual cycle5zadań
3. Sperm penetration and the block to polyspermy5zadań
4. Structures of an insect-pollinated flower5zadań
5. Preventing self-fertilization in plants4zadania
6. The flowering plant sexual life cycle4zadania
7. Gamete fusion and the first human division3zadania
8. Hormonal maintenance of pregnancy and labour3zadania
9. Promoting pollen transfer between plants3zadania
10. Seed movement and establishment3zadania
11. Comparing reproductive strategies2zadania
12. Detecting pregnancy through hCG2zadania
13. Endocrine initiation of puberty2zadania
14. Hormonal manipulation in IVF1zadanie
15. Meiosis and fertilization in life cycles1zadanie
16. Placental exchange supporting fetal development1zadanie
17. Blastocyst formation and uterine implantation0zadań
18. Confounding in studies of hormone therapy0zadań
19. Gamete differences and reproductive investment0zadań
20. Human reproductive structures and functions0zadań

Inheritance

1. Predicting outcomes of dihybrid crosses11zadań
2. Inferring inheritance from pedigrees8zadań
3. Dominant and recessive phenotype patterns7zadań
4. Linked alleles on homologous chromosomes7zadań
5. Sex chromosomes and inherited traits7zadań
6. Allele combinations and genotype notation6zadań
7. Polygenes, environment and continuous variation6zadań
8. Identifying recombinant offspring5zadań
9. Intermediate and dual heterozygote phenotypes5zadań
10. Predicting ABO blood-group inheritance4zadania
11. Predicting X-linked haemophilia inheritance4zadania
12. Environment-responsive phenotypic plasticity3zadania
13. Recessive inheritance of phenylketonuria3zadania
14. Testing dihybrid ratios statistically3zadania
15. Genetic and environmental contributions to traits2zadania
16. Meiosis and assortment of unlinked loci2zadania
17. Summarizing continuous data with box plots2zadania
18. Exploring gene locations and protein products1zadanie
19. Designing and recording plant genetic crosses0zadań
20. Many population alleles but two individual copies0zadań
21. Parental allele transmission through gametes0zadań

Homeostasis

1. ADH control of collecting-duct water recovery17zadań
2. Insulin and glucagon in glucose regulation11zadań
3. Human heat production and heat-loss responses10zadań
4. Filtration and selective proximal reabsorption8zadań
5. The loop of Henle and the medullary gradient7zadań
6. The temperature-control feedback pathway4zadania
7. Contrasting the physiology of diabetes types2zadania
8. Corrective feedback around a set point2zadania
9. Kidneys in waste removal and water balance1zadanie
10. Maintaining a regulated internal environment0zadań
11. Redistributing blood during different activities0zadań

Natural selection

1. Relative fitness and reproductive success20zadań
2. Directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection8zadań
3. Inheritance as a requirement for selection response8zadań
4. Generating the variation available to selection6zadań
5. Conditions for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium5zadań
6. Selection changing allele frequencies5zadań
7. Calculating Hardy–Weinberg expectations4zadania
8. Testing selection with controlled guppy studies4zadania
9. Breeding deliberately for chosen traits2zadania
10. Defining a population's gene pool2zadania
11. Mate choice and sexually selected traits2zadania
12. Natural selection explaining evolutionary change2zadania
13. Environmental conditions as selective pressures1zadanie
14. Excess offspring and resource competition1zadanie
15. Comparing allele frequencies across populations0zadań

Stability and change

1. Nutrient enrichment and oxygen depletion11zadań
2. Increasing pollutant concentrations along food chains10zadań
3. Environmental constraints on sustainable farming9zadań
4. Comparing harvest and resource renewal8zadań
5. Investigating stability with mesocosms6zadań
6. Trends during primary succession5zadań
7. Conditions supporting ecosystem stability3zadania
8. Disproportionate effects of keystone species3zadania
9. Drivers of ecological succession3zadania
10. Restoring ecosystem processes through rewilding3zadania
11. Climax vegetation and interrupted succession2zadania
12. Forest loss and an Amazon tipping point1zadanie
13. Persistent plastic debris in marine ecosystems1zadanie
14. Evidence of long-term ecosystem persistence0zadań
15. Repeating sequences of ecological communities0zadań

Climate change

1. Human increases in greenhouse gases15zadań
2. Feedbacks that amplify warming4zadania
3. Warming and acidification threatening reefs4zadania
4. Ocean warming and nutrient supply3zadania
5. Shifting species ranges under warming3zadania
6. Restoring forests and wetlands to store carbon2zadania
7. Climate change altering selective advantages1zadanie
8. Environmental cues and seasonal biological timing1zadanie
9. Polar ice loss and animal habitats1zadanie
10. Boreal forests switching from carbon sink to source0zadań
11. Climate-driven mismatches between interacting species0zadań
12. More insect generations in warmer years0zadań

Skills in the study of biology

Tools and inquiry skills

1. Recording and interpreting biological data175zadań
2. Evaluating biological evidence and methods142zadania
3. Planning a biological investigation50zadań
4. Biological calculations, statistics and graphs44zadania
5. Biological experimental methods10zadań
6. Digital tools for biological investigation7zadań