Heatmapa egzaminu IB

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter

Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

1. Elements, compounds and mixtures13zadań
2. Kinetic molecular theory and states of matter3zadania
3. Temperature and kinetic energy of particles2zadania

The nuclear atom

1. Nuclear symbols and subatomic particles7zadań
2. Isotopes and relative atomic mass5zadań
3. Mass spectra of elements3zadania

Electron configurations

1. Electron configurations of atoms and ions9zadań
2. Ionization energy from the convergence limit4zadania
3. Hydrogen line spectrum and energy levels3zadania
4. Sublevels and the shapes of s and p orbitals3zadania
5. Successive ionization energies3zadania
6. Main energy levels and electron capacity2zadania
7. Emission spectra and the electromagnetic spectrum1zadanie

Counting particles by mass: The mole

1. Molar concentration of solutions24zadania
2. Empirical and molecular formulas12zadań
3. Molar mass and mole calculations10zadań
4. Avogadro's law and molar volume of gases7zadań
5. The mole and the Avogadro constant6zadań
6. Relative atomic mass and relative formula mass0zadań

Ideal gases

1. Ideal gas equation and combined gas law8zadań
2. Real gases and deviation from ideality3zadania
3. Gas laws: pressure, volume and temperature2zadania
4. Assumptions of the ideal gas model0zadań

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure

The ionic model

1. Ionic bonding and formulas of ionic compounds8zadań
2. Ionic lattices and their properties8zadań
3. Cations, anions and ion charges2zadania

The covalent model

1. Chromatography and Rf values9zadań
2. VSEPR theory and molecular shapes9zadań
3. Types of intermolecular forces8zadań
4. Covalent bonds and Lewis formulas7zadań
5. Hybridization of atomic orbitals7zadań
6. Covalent network solids and carbon allotropes5zadań
7. Expanded octets and shapes with five or six domains5zadań
8. Formal charge and preferred Lewis formulas5zadań
9. Molecular polarity and dipole moments5zadań
10. Structure and stability of benzene5zadań
11. Intermolecular forces and physical properties4zadania
12. Sigma and pi bonds4zadania
13. Coordination bonds3zadania
14. Resonance structures and delocalization3zadania
15. Bond polarity and electronegativity2zadania
16. Bond order, bond length and bond strength1zadanie

The metallic model

1. Metallic bonding and properties of metals5zadań
2. Strength of metallic bonding and melting points1zadanie
3. Metallic bonding in transition elements0zadań

From models to materials

1. Position in the bonding triangle5zadań
2. Addition polymers and repeating units4zadania
3. Condensation polymers: polyesters and polyamides2zadania
4. Polymers and properties of plastics2zadania
5. Alloys and their properties0zadań
6. The bonding triangle: ionic, covalent, metallic0zadań

Structure 3. Classification of matter

The periodic table: Classification of elements

1. Colour of transition metal complexes18zadań
2. Assigning oxidation states14zadań
3. Periodic trends in atomic properties12zadań
4. Basic, amphoteric and acidic oxides4zadania
5. Group 1 and group 17 reactivity trends4zadania
6. Periods, groups and blocks of the periodic table4zadania
7. Characteristic properties of transition elements3zadania
8. Electron configurations of transition element ions3zadania
9. Periodic table position and electron configuration2zadania
10. Discontinuities in first ionization energy0zadań

Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds

1. Stereoisomers: cis-trans and optical isomerism11zadań
2. Functional groups in organic compounds9zadań
3. Infrared spectra and functional groups8zadań
4. Proton NMR: environments, shifts and integration8zadań
5. Structural isomers7zadań
6. IUPAC naming of organic compounds5zadań
7. Mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns4zadania
8. Trends in boiling points of a homologous series4zadania
9. Proton NMR splitting patterns3zadania
10. Homologous series and general formulas2zadania
11. Structure determination from combined spectra2zadania
12. Molecular, structural and skeletal formulas1zadanie

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?

Measuring enthalpy changes

1. Calorimetry: Q = mcΔT and enthalpy change12zadań
2. Endothermic and exothermic reactions8zadań
3. Energy profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions6zadań
4. Heat, temperature and energy conservation1zadanie

Energy cycles in reactions

1. Enthalpy change from bond enthalpies9zadań
2. Hess's law with formation and combustion data6zadań
3. Born-Haber cycles and lattice enthalpy5zadań
4. Standard enthalpies of formation and combustion5zadań
5. Hess's law3zadania

Energy from fuels

1. Biofuels and renewable energy5zadań
2. Complete combustion equations4zadania
3. Fossil fuels and CO2 emissions3zadania
4. Hydrogen and methanol fuel cells2zadania
5. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons1zadanie

Entropy and spontaneity

1. Entropy and standard entropy change7zadań
2. Spontaneity and the sign of ΔG5zadań
3. Gibbs energy change calculations3zadania
4. ΔG, reaction quotient and approach to equilibrium2zadania

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?

How much? The amount of chemical change

1. Reacting masses, volumes and concentrations13zadań
2. Limiting reactant and theoretical yield12zadań
3. Writing and balancing chemical equations8zadań
4. Atom economy5zadań
5. Percentage yield calculations2zadania

How fast? The rate of chemical change

1. Factors affecting the rate of reaction10zadań
2. Activation energy and Maxwell-Boltzmann curves9zadań
3. Measuring and calculating rate of reaction8zadań
4. Order of reaction and rate graphs7zadań
5. Catalysts and alternative reaction pathways5zadań
6. Deducing rate equations from experimental data4zadania
7. Reaction mechanisms and the rate-determining step4zadania
8. Arrhenius equation and temperature dependence of k3zadania
9. Energy profiles of multi-step reactions3zadania
10. Rate constant and its units3zadania
11. Activation energy and Arrhenius factor from data2zadania
12. Collision theory2zadania
13. Molecularity of elementary steps1zadanie

How far? The extent of chemical change

1. Le Chatelier's principle15zadań
2. Equilibrium law and the expression for K9zadań
3. Equilibrium calculations with ICE tables6zadań
4. Dynamic equilibrium5zadań
5. Magnitude and temperature dependence of K5zadań
6. Equilibrium constant from Gibbs energy4zadania
7. Reaction quotient Q and direction of change4zadania

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?

Proton transfer reactions

1. Ka, Kb, pKa and pKb as measures of strength7zadań
2. Strong and weak acids and bases6zadań
3. Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases5zadań
4. pH curves for weak and strong acid-base combinations5zadań
5. pH scale and hydrogen ion concentration5zadań
6. Buffer pH calculations4zadania
7. Choosing an indicator for a titration4zadania
8. Ionic product of water, Kw4zadania
9. Neutralization reactions and salts4zadania
10. Salt hydrolysis and pH of salt solutions4zadania
11. Acid-base indicators and their colour change3zadania
12. Conjugate acid-base pairs3zadania
13. Buffer solutions and how they work2zadania
14. pOH and interconverting pH, pOH, [H+] and [OH-]2zadania
15. Amphiprotic species1zadanie
16. pH curves for strong acid and strong base1zadanie
17. Weak acid and base calculations with Ka and Kb1zadanie

Electron transfer reactions

1. Half-equations and balancing redox equations9zadań
2. Secondary (rechargeable) cells7zadań
3. Standard cell potential and spontaneity7zadań
4. Oxidation of alcohols6zadań
5. Reactivity series of metals and halogens6zadań
6. Electrolysis of aqueous solutions5zadań
7. Oxidation, reduction and redox agents5zadań
8. Electrolysis of molten salts4zadania
9. Primary (voltaic) cells4zadania
10. Anode, cathode and electrode polarity3zadania
11. Electroplating3zadania
12. Standard electrode potentials and the hydrogen electrode3zadania
13. Gibbs energy from cell potential2zadania
14. Reactions of metals with acids2zadania
15. Reduction of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones2zadania
16. Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes1zadanie

Electron sharing reactions

1. Homolytic fission and the initiation step7zadań
2. Radical substitution of alkanes with halogens2zadania
3. Radicals and unpaired electrons0zadań

Electron-pair sharing reactions

1. SN1 and SN2 nucleophilic substitution7zadań
2. Complex ions, ligands and their charge6zadań
3. Electrophiles5zadań
4. Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes5zadań
5. Leaving groups and rates of nucleophilic substitution5zadań
6. Electrophilic substitution of benzene4zadania
7. Heterolytic fission and curly arrows3zadania
8. Lewis acids and bases3zadania
9. Coordination bonds in Lewis acid-base reactions2zadania
10. Markovnikov's rule and carbocation stability2zadania
11. Mechanism of electrophilic addition to alkenes2zadania
12. Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes2zadania
13. Nucleophiles1zadanie

Skills in the study of chemistry

Tools and inquiry skills

1. Experimental techniques and apparatus33zadania
2. Units, uncertainties and graphs28zadań
3. Concluding and evaluating21zadań
4. Exploring and designing investigations8zadań
5. Collecting and processing data6zadań
6. Technology, databases and modelling1zadanie