Heatmapa egzaminu IB

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter

Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

1. Elements, compounds and mixtures14zadań
2. Kinetic molecular theory and states of matter9zadań
3. Temperature and kinetic energy of particles4zadania

The nuclear atom

1. Isotopes and relative atomic mass17zadań
2. Nuclear symbols and subatomic particles14zadań
3. Mass spectra of elements11zadań

Electron configurations

1. Electron configurations of atoms and ions27zadań
2. Successive ionization energies19zadań
3. Ionization energy from the convergence limit13zadań
4. Sublevels and the shapes of s and p orbitals10zadań
5. Emission spectra and the electromagnetic spectrum8zadań
6. Hydrogen line spectrum and energy levels8zadań
7. Main energy levels and electron capacity5zadań

Counting particles by mass: The mole

1. Molar concentration of solutions42zadania
2. Molar mass and mole calculations39zadań
3. Empirical and molecular formulas29zadań
4. Avogadro's law and molar volume of gases11zadań
5. The mole and the Avogadro constant10zadań
6. Relative atomic mass and relative formula mass4zadania

Ideal gases

1. Ideal gas equation and combined gas law24zadania
2. Gas laws: pressure, volume and temperature7zadań
3. Real gases and deviation from ideality6zadań
4. Assumptions of the ideal gas model1zadanie

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure

The ionic model

1. Ionic lattices and their properties23zadania
2. Ionic bonding and formulas of ionic compounds16zadań
3. Cations, anions and ion charges7zadań

The covalent model

1. VSEPR theory and molecular shapes31zadań
2. Types of intermolecular forces30zadań
3. Hybridization of atomic orbitals25zadań
4. Covalent bonds and Lewis formulas21zadań
5. Expanded octets and shapes with five or six domains21zadań
6. Intermolecular forces and physical properties21zadań
7. Formal charge and preferred Lewis formulas18zadań
8. Chromatography and Rf values17zadań
9. Resonance structures and delocalization16zadań
10. Covalent network solids and carbon allotropes15zadań
11. Sigma and pi bonds14zadań
12. Molecular polarity and dipole moments13zadań
13. Bond order, bond length and bond strength10zadań
14. Structure and stability of benzene9zadań
15. Coordination bonds5zadań
16. Bond polarity and electronegativity4zadania

The metallic model

1. Metallic bonding and properties of metals18zadań
2. Strength of metallic bonding and melting points5zadań
3. Metallic bonding in transition elements0zadań

From models to materials

1. Condensation polymers: polyesters and polyamides17zadań
2. Addition polymers and repeating units11zadań
3. Position in the bonding triangle9zadań
4. Alloys and their properties6zadań
5. Polymers and properties of plastics3zadania
6. The bonding triangle: ionic, covalent, metallic2zadania

Structure 3. Classification of matter

The periodic table: Classification of elements

1. Colour of transition metal complexes37zadań
2. Periodic trends in atomic properties33zadania
3. Assigning oxidation states30zadań
4. Basic, amphoteric and acidic oxides21zadań
5. Characteristic properties of transition elements18zadań
6. Electron configurations of transition element ions12zadań
7. Group 1 and group 17 reactivity trends12zadań
8. Periodic table position and electron configuration11zadań
9. Discontinuities in first ionization energy10zadań
10. Periods, groups and blocks of the periodic table10zadań

Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds

1. Functional groups in organic compounds46zadań
2. Stereoisomers: cis-trans and optical isomerism36zadań
3. Proton NMR: environments, shifts and integration35zadań
4. Infrared spectra and functional groups27zadań
5. Homologous series and general formulas18zadań
6. IUPAC naming of organic compounds17zadań
7. Mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns17zadań
8. Proton NMR splitting patterns14zadań
9. Structural isomers13zadań
10. Structure determination from combined spectra6zadań
11. Trends in boiling points of a homologous series5zadań
12. Molecular, structural and skeletal formulas1zadanie

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?

Measuring enthalpy changes

1. Calorimetry: Q = mcΔT and enthalpy change27zadań
2. Endothermic and exothermic reactions18zadań
3. Energy profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions13zadań
4. Heat, temperature and energy conservation2zadania

Energy cycles in reactions

1. Hess's law with formation and combustion data21zadań
2. Enthalpy change from bond enthalpies20zadań
3. Hess's law13zadań
4. Standard enthalpies of formation and combustion12zadań
5. Born-Haber cycles and lattice enthalpy11zadań

Energy from fuels

1. Fossil fuels and CO2 emissions18zadań
2. Hydrogen and methanol fuel cells10zadań
3. Biofuels and renewable energy9zadań
4. Complete combustion equations9zadań
5. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons4zadania

Entropy and spontaneity

1. Entropy and standard entropy change23zadania
2. Gibbs energy change calculations19zadań
3. Spontaneity and the sign of ΔG19zadań
4. ΔG, reaction quotient and approach to equilibrium7zadań

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?

How much? The amount of chemical change

1. Reacting masses, volumes and concentrations47zadań
2. Limiting reactant and theoretical yield27zadań
3. Writing and balancing chemical equations18zadań
4. Atom economy10zadań
5. Percentage yield calculations10zadań

How fast? The rate of chemical change

1. Activation energy and Maxwell-Boltzmann curves27zadań
2. Factors affecting the rate of reaction27zadań
3. Measuring and calculating rate of reaction26zadań
4. Order of reaction and rate graphs24zadania
5. Catalysts and alternative reaction pathways20zadań
6. Deducing rate equations from experimental data18zadań
7. Arrhenius equation and temperature dependence of k17zadań
8. Reaction mechanisms and the rate-determining step14zadań
9. Rate constant and its units13zadań
10. Collision theory11zadań
11. Energy profiles of multi-step reactions9zadań
12. Activation energy and Arrhenius factor from data6zadań
13. Molecularity of elementary steps1zadanie

How far? The extent of chemical change

1. Le Chatelier's principle33zadania
2. Equilibrium law and the expression for K31zadań
3. Equilibrium constant from Gibbs energy16zadań
4. Equilibrium calculations with ICE tables12zadań
5. Magnitude and temperature dependence of K12zadań
6. Reaction quotient Q and direction of change9zadań
7. Dynamic equilibrium5zadań

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?

Proton transfer reactions

1. Strong and weak acids and bases25zadań
2. Ka, Kb, pKa and pKb as measures of strength24zadania
3. Neutralization reactions and salts20zadań
4. pH curves for weak and strong acid-base combinations18zadań
5. pH scale and hydrogen ion concentration18zadań
6. Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases17zadań
7. Buffer solutions and how they work15zadań
8. Salt hydrolysis and pH of salt solutions13zadań
9. Conjugate acid-base pairs12zadań
10. Weak acid and base calculations with Ka and Kb10zadań
11. Acid-base indicators and their colour change9zadań
12. Buffer pH calculations9zadań
13. Choosing an indicator for a titration9zadań
14. Ionic product of water, Kw9zadań
15. pOH and interconverting pH, pOH, [H+] and [OH-]8zadań
16. pH curves for strong acid and strong base3zadania
17. Amphiprotic species2zadania

Electron transfer reactions

1. Anode, cathode and electrode polarity26zadań
2. Half-equations and balancing redox equations26zadań
3. Oxidation of alcohols24zadania
4. Standard cell potential and spontaneity24zadania
5. Oxidation, reduction and redox agents23zadania
6. Primary (voltaic) cells22zadania
7. Electrolysis of molten salts17zadań
8. Electrolysis of aqueous solutions14zadań
9. Reactivity series of metals and halogens13zadań
10. Secondary (rechargeable) cells11zadań
11. Gibbs energy from cell potential10zadań
12. Standard electrode potentials and the hydrogen electrode7zadań
13. Reduction of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones6zadań
14. Electroplating5zadań
15. Reactions of metals with acids5zadań
16. Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes3zadania

Electron sharing reactions

1. Homolytic fission and the initiation step15zadań
2. Radical substitution of alkanes with halogens7zadań
3. Radicals and unpaired electrons1zadanie

Electron-pair sharing reactions

1. SN1 and SN2 nucleophilic substitution29zadań
2. Mechanism of electrophilic addition to alkenes17zadań
3. Complex ions, ligands and their charge16zadań
4. Lewis acids and bases15zadań
5. Markovnikov's rule and carbocation stability13zadań
6. Electrophilic substitution of benzene12zadań
7. Coordination bonds in Lewis acid-base reactions11zadań
8. Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes11zadań
9. Electrophiles9zadań
10. Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes8zadań
11. Leaving groups and rates of nucleophilic substitution8zadań
12. Heterolytic fission and curly arrows5zadań
13. Nucleophiles3zadania

Skills in the study of chemistry

Tools and inquiry skills

1. Units, uncertainties and graphs68zadań
2. Experimental techniques and apparatus63zadania
3. Concluding and evaluating55zadań
4. Collecting and processing data34zadania
5. Exploring and designing investigations16zadań
6. Technology, databases and modelling1zadanie