Heatmapa egzaminu IB

Unity and diversity

Water

1. Water polarity and intermolecular attraction14zadań
2. Water cohesion in organisms8zadań
3. Living in water versus air5zadań
4. Water adhesion and capillarity4zadania
5. Dissolved substances in biological fluids2zadania
6. Life in an aqueous environment0zadań

Nucleic acids

1. Distinguishing RNA from DNA9zadań
2. Parts of a nucleotide9zadań
3. Pairing and orientation in double-stranded DNA5zadań
4. Complementarity in copying and using genes4zadania
5. The hereditary material of cells3zadania
6. Building an RNA strand2zadania
7. A shared genetic code and common ancestry1zadanie
8. Covalent links along nucleic acid strands1zadanie
9. Information capacity of DNA sequences1zadanie
10. The nucleic acid alphabet0zadań

Cell structure

1. Organization of a bacterial cell19zadań
2. Organization of a eukaryotic cell18zadań
3. Comparing plant, fungal and animal cells11zadań
4. Preparing and measuring microscope specimens8zadań
5. Exceptions to typical nuclear organization4zadania
6. Life functions within one cell4zadania
7. Choosing modern microscopy methods3zadania
8. Drawing cells from electron images3zadania
9. Features shared by cellular organisms1zadanie
10. Cell theory as a predictive framework0zadań
11. Recognizing cells in micrographs0zadań

Diversity of organisms

1. Fertility as a species criterion4zadania
2. Using scientific species names4zadania
3. Reading karyograms and chromosome fusion evidence3zadania
4. Investigating genome size in databases2zadania
5. Applications of whole-genome sequencing1zadanie
6. Comparing chromosome counts1zadanie
7. Grouping species by visible traits1zadanie
8. Recognizing species during gradual divergence1zadanie
9. Shared and variable regions within a species genome1zadanie
10. Variation among eukaryotic genomes1zadanie
11. Patterns of biological variation0zadań

Evolution and speciation

1. Independent origins of similar adaptations9zadań
2. Homology as evidence of shared ancestry5zadań
3. Selective breeding as evidence of evolution5zadań
4. Isolation and divergent selection4zadania
5. Molecular evidence of evolutionary relationships4zadania
6. Heritable change in populations1zadanie
7. Speciation versus change within a lineage0zadań

Conservation of biodiversity

1. Combining conservation approaches7zadań
2. Assessing evidence of biodiversity decline6zadań
3. Pressures behind declining biodiversity5zadań
4. Human-driven extinction case studies2zadania
5. Setting conservation priorities with EDGE2zadania
6. Estimating present and historical species richness1zadanie
7. Human-driven loss of ecosystems1zadanie
8. Levels of biological diversity1zadanie

Form and function

Carbohydrates and lipids

1. Assembling glycerol-based lipids12zadań
2. Cellulose fibres and plant support10zadań
3. Storing glucose in starch and glycogen7zadań
4. Amphipathic lipids and bilayer assembly6zadań
5. Fat reserves and insulation6zadań
6. Fatty acid saturation and melting behaviour4zadania
7. Joining monomers into biological polymers4zadania
8. Simple sugars and their biological roles4zadania
9. Breaking polymers through hydrolysis3zadania
10. Steroid structure and membrane passage3zadania
11. Carbon bonding and molecular diversity1zadanie
12. Lipids in polar and non-polar solvents1zadanie
13. Carbohydrate markers on cell surfaces0zadań

Proteins

1. Making peptide bonds11zadań
2. Essential amino acids in the diet7zadań
3. Protein denaturation by heat or pH5zadań
4. Representing an amino acid4zadania
5. Sequence diversity in polypeptides4zadania

Membranes and membrane transport

1. Selective diffusion through protein channels9zadań
2. ATP-powered membrane pumps8zadań
3. Direct diffusion through a lipid bilayer7zadań
4. Determinants of membrane permeability6zadań
5. The membrane's hydrophobic barrier6zadań
6. The lipid framework of membranes5zadań
7. Protein positions within membranes4zadania
8. Membrane carbohydrates in recognition and adhesion3zadania
9. Osmosis through membranes and aquaporins3zadania
10. Representing the fluid mosaic membrane2zadania

Organelles and compartmentalization

1. Recognizing functional cell organelles8zadań
2. Benefits of intracellular compartments1zadanie
3. Separating transcription from translation1zadanie

Cell specialization

1. Embryonic gradients and differentiation8zadań
2. Comparing stem cell developmental potential5zadań
3. Self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells5zadań
4. Adult stem cells and their niches4zadania
5. Cell dimensions and exchange limitations3zadania
6. Specialization and the range of human cell sizes1zadanie

Gas exchange

1. Measuring respiratory volumes11zadań
2. Pressure changes in breathing10zadań
3. Alveolar lung organization6zadań
4. Water loss during leaf gas exchange5zadań
5. Sustaining gas concentration gradients3zadania
6. Features of effective respiratory surfaces2zadania
7. Estimating stomatal density1zadanie
8. Leaf structures supporting gas exchange1zadanie
9. Mapping tissues in a leaf section1zadanie
10. Size-related challenges of exchanging gases0zadań

Transport

1. Coronary obstruction and epidemiological evidence8zadań
2. Capillary structure and rapid exchange5zadań
3. Low-pressure return through veins5zadań
4. Arterial walls and high-pressure flow3zadania
5. Cohesion and tension in the transpiration stream3zadania
6. Xylem vessels suited to water transport2zadania
7. Determining heart rate from the pulse1zadanie
8. Identifying arteries and veins in sections1zadanie
9. Recognizing tissues in a dicot stem1zadanie
10. Recognizing tissues in a dicot root0zadań

Adaptation to environment

1. Abiotic limits on species distributions15zadań
2. Recognizing major biome climates7zadań
3. Climate and the distribution of terrestrial biomes4zadania
4. Adapting to dune and mangrove conditions3zadania
5. Investigating tolerance along a transect3zadania
6. Survival in deserts and tropical forests3zadania
7. Describing an organism's habitat2zadania
8. Environmental requirements of coral reefs0zadań

Ecological niches

1. Animal feeding and internal digestion6zadań
2. Feeding by external decomposition6zadań
3. Combining autotrophy and heterotrophy5zadań
4. Outcomes of overlapping resource use5zadań
5. Potential and occupied ecological niches4zadania
6. Predator and prey adaptations4zadania
7. Strategies for reaching light in forests3zadania
8. Comparing oxygen requirements2zadania
9. Describing an ecological role1zadanie
10. Plant defences and herbivore counter-adaptations1zadanie
11. Energy sources among archaea0zadań
12. Inferring hominid diets from teeth0zadań
13. Photosynthetic modes of nutrition0zadań

Interaction and interdependence

Enzymes and metabolism

1. Conditions affecting enzyme reaction rates34zadania
2. Building and breaking down biological molecules7zadań
3. Accelerating cellular reactions with enzymes3zadania
4. Determining rates of enzyme activity3zadania
5. Enzymes and reaction energy profiles2zadania
6. Shape changes during substrate binding2zadania
7. Specificity and loss of active-site shape1zadanie
8. Enzyme control of metabolic networks0zadań
9. Molecular encounters in enzyme reactions0zadań
10. The catalytic site of a folded enzyme0zadań

Cell respiration

1. Human respiration with and without oxygen16zadań
2. Respiration and energy from organic substrates10zadań
3. Investigating rates of cellular respiration6zadań
4. Cellular work powered by ATP5zadań
5. ATP as a transferable cellular energy supply4zadania
6. Energy coupling in the ATP–ADP cycle2zadania

Photosynthesis

1. Testing limiting factors in photosynthesis10zadań
2. Separating and identifying leaf pigments4zadania
3. The source of photosynthetic oxygen4zadania
4. Comparing absorption with photosynthetic action3zadania
5. Photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide3zadania
6. Capturing light energy in organic compounds2zadania
7. Carbon enrichment experiments and plant growth2zadania
8. Light absorption by photosynthetic pigments2zadania

Neural signalling

1. Factors determining nerve conduction speed10zadań
2. Directional communication at chemical synapses9zadań
3. Calcium-triggered neurotransmitter release8zadań
4. Ion gradients and the resting membrane voltage6zadań
5. Neuron structure and electrical signalling5zadań
6. Producing an excitatory postsynaptic response5zadań
7. Action potentials as travelling nerve signals2zadania

Integration of body systems

1. Sensory feedback adjusting cardiac output9zadań
2. Chemical feedback adjusting breathing8zadań
3. The brain combining information6zadań
4. The withdrawal reflex pathway4zadania
5. Adrenaline preparing the body for activity3zadania
6. Melatonin and daily sleep timing3zadania
7. Nervous control along the digestive tract3zadania
8. Sensory pathways to the central nervous system3zadania
9. Motor pathways to skeletal muscles2zadania
10. Spinal coordination of unconscious responses2zadania
11. Communication and transport between organs1zadanie
12. Hypothalamic and pituitary endocrine control1zadanie
13. The organization of a mixed nerve1zadanie
14. Cerebellar coordination of movement0zadań
15. Coordinating components of living systems0zadań
16. Integration across levels of body organization0zadań

Defence against disease

1. Selective effects of antibiotics8zadań
2. Clot formation after tissue damage7zadań
3. Helper T cells activating specific B cells6zadań
4. Selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria5zadań
5. Comparing innate and adaptive defences4zadania
6. Long-lived memory and immunity4zadania
7. Pathogens crossing between animal species4zadania
8. Population immunity and transmission4zadania
9. Clonal expansion and plasma cell formation3zadania
10. Lymphocyte cooperation in antibody production3zadania
11. HIV damage to immune coordination2zadania
12. Phagocyte movement and pathogen destruction2zadania
13. Routes of HIV transmission1zadanie
14. Surface barriers against infection1zadanie
15. Vaccination and immune preparation1zadanie
16. Antigen recognition and antibody responses0zadań
17. Infectious agents and disease0zadań
18. Interpreting pandemic data0zadań

Populations and communities

1. Classifying interactions between species12zadań
2. Reciprocal benefits in mutualistic partnerships9zadań
3. Chemical suppression of competitors7zadań
4. Communities as interacting populations5zadań
5. Interpreting population growth patterns5zadań
6. Density-dependent population regulation3zadania
7. Estimating abundance with quadrats3zadania
8. Estimating mobile populations by recapture3zadania
9. Control from consumers or resources2zadania
10. Invasive species and resource advantage2zadania
11. Density-linked predator–prey dynamics1zadanie
12. Interactions among members of a species1zadanie
13. Random samples and population estimates1zadanie
14. Resource limits and carrying capacity1zadanie
15. Testing species association with chi-squared1zadanie
16. Defining an interacting population0zadań
17. Investigating competition experimentally0zadań
18. Testing a sigmoid growth model0zadań

Transfers of energy and matter

1. Assigning trophic positions14zadań
2. Explaining energy losses between trophic levels10zadań
3. Respiratory heat loss from ecosystems10zadań
4. Decomposition and nutrient recycling9zadań
5. Mapping carbon recycling9zadań
6. Organic energy supplies for decomposers8zadań
7. Energy transfer through feeding7zadań
8. Representing feeding networks6zadań
9. Energy sources sustaining ecosystems5zadań
10. Biomass accumulation by heterotrophs4zadania
11. Carbon release through burning stored fuels4zadania
12. Drawing quantitative energy pyramids4zadania
13. Energy constraints on food-chain length4zadania
14. Light-powered and chemical-powered autotrophy4zadania
15. Net carbon uptake and release by ecosystems3zadania
16. Organic carbon acquisition by heterotrophs3zadania
17. Autotrophic synthesis from inorganic materials2zadania
18. Inputs and outputs of an ecosystem2zadania
19. Measuring biomass production by autotrophs2zadania
20. Respiration in producers and consumers2zadania
21. Seasonal and long-term atmospheric carbon patterns2zadania
22. Reciprocal gas supplies from photosynthesis and respiration1zadanie

Continuity and change

DNA replication

1. Amplifying DNA and separating fragments14zadań
2. Interpreting DNA profiles8zadań
3. Unwinding and copying DNA strands6zadań
4. Template-based semiconservative replication3zadania
5. Copying DNA for growth and reproduction0zadań

Protein synthesis

1. Cooperation of RNA and ribosomes in translation10zadań
2. Matching codons with anticodons7zadań
3. Triplets, degeneracy and the shared genetic code7zadań
4. Point mutations and altered protein structure5zadań
5. Producing RNA from a DNA template5zadań
6. Base pairing during RNA synthesis2zadania
7. Converting an mRNA message into a polypeptide2zadania
8. Decoding mRNA with a codon table2zadania
9. Elongation of a polypeptide at the ribosome2zadania
10. Transcription as a gate for gene expression1zadanie
11. Preserving DNA while transcribing genes0zadań

Mutation and gene editing

1. Somatic versus germline mutations7zadań
2. Sources of mutational change6zadań
3. Recognizing molecular changes in genes5zadań
4. Effects of single-base substitutions4zadania
5. Insertions, deletions and reading-frame disruption2zadania
6. Mutation supplying new genetic variation1zadanie
7. Mutation without directed adaptation1zadanie

Cell and nuclear division

1. Halving chromosome number through meiosis12zadań
2. Packaging and moving chromosomes8zadań
3. Sequence of events in mitosis6zadań
4. Genetic diversity generated by meiosis5zadań
5. Purposes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear division5zadań
6. New cells through division of existing cells3zadania
7. Symmetric and asymmetric cytoplasmic division3zadania
8. Meiotic segregation errors and trisomy2zadania
9. Recognizing mitotic stages in images2zadania
10. Replicated chromosomes before nuclear division2zadania
11. Dividing cytoplasm in plants and animals1zadanie

Water potential

1. Osmotic effects on cells without walls15zadań
2. Measuring osmotic changes in plant tissue8zadań
3. Comparing solution tonicity7zadań
4. Osmosis across a cell membrane6zadań
5. Turgor and plasmolysis in walled cells4zadania
6. Interactions during aqueous solvation0zadań
7. Protecting cells with isotonic fluids0zadań

Reproduction

1. Hormonal coordination of the menstrual cycle6zadań
2. Preventing self-fertilization in plants4zadania
3. Comparing reproductive strategies3zadania
4. Hormonal manipulation in IVF3zadania
5. Meiosis and fertilization in life cycles3zadania
6. Gamete fusion and the first human division2zadania
7. Human reproductive structures and functions2zadania
8. Structures of an insect-pollinated flower2zadania
9. The flowering plant sexual life cycle2zadania
10. Promoting pollen transfer between plants1zadanie
11. Gamete differences and reproductive investment0zadań
12. Seed movement and establishment0zadań

Inheritance

1. Dominant and recessive phenotype patterns15zadań
2. Inferring inheritance from pedigrees15zadań
3. Allele combinations and genotype notation14zadań
4. Intermediate and dual heterozygote phenotypes6zadań
5. Predicting X-linked haemophilia inheritance6zadań
6. Sex chromosomes and inherited traits6zadań
7. Parental allele transmission through gametes4zadania
8. Polygenes, environment and continuous variation4zadania
9. Summarizing continuous data with box plots4zadania
10. Many population alleles but two individual copies3zadania
11. Predicting ABO blood-group inheritance3zadania
12. Recessive inheritance of phenylketonuria3zadania
13. Designing and recording plant genetic crosses1zadanie
14. Environment-responsive phenotypic plasticity1zadanie
15. Genetic and environmental contributions to traits0zadań

Homeostasis

1. Insulin and glucagon in glucose regulation11zadań
2. Human heat production and heat-loss responses10zadań
3. The temperature-control feedback pathway8zadań
4. Contrasting the physiology of diabetes types2zadania
5. Corrective feedback around a set point2zadania
6. Maintaining a regulated internal environment2zadania

Natural selection

1. Relative fitness and reproductive success28zadań
2. Inheritance as a requirement for selection response13zadań
3. Generating the variation available to selection10zadań
4. Natural selection explaining evolutionary change6zadań
5. Mate choice and sexually selected traits4zadania
6. Testing selection with controlled guppy studies3zadania
7. Environmental conditions as selective pressures2zadania
8. Excess offspring and resource competition2zadania

Stability and change

1. Environmental constraints on sustainable farming11zadań
2. Increasing pollutant concentrations along food chains9zadań
3. Investigating stability with mesocosms7zadań
4. Disproportionate effects of keystone species6zadań
5. Nutrient enrichment and oxygen depletion5zadań
6. Restoring ecosystem processes through rewilding4zadania
7. Persistent plastic debris in marine ecosystems3zadania
8. Conditions supporting ecosystem stability2zadania
9. Comparing harvest and resource renewal0zadań
10. Evidence of long-term ecosystem persistence0zadań
11. Forest loss and an Amazon tipping point0zadań

Climate change

1. Human increases in greenhouse gases14zadań
2. Warming and acidification threatening reefs7zadań
3. Feedbacks that amplify warming4zadania
4. Polar ice loss and animal habitats2zadania
5. Shifting species ranges under warming2zadania
6. Ocean warming and nutrient supply1zadanie
7. Restoring forests and wetlands to store carbon1zadanie
8. Boreal forests switching from carbon sink to source0zadań

Skills in the study of biology

Tools and inquiry skills

1. Recording and interpreting biological data163zadania
2. Evaluating biological evidence and methods134zadania
3. Planning a biological investigation41zadań
4. Biological calculations, statistics and graphs39zadań
5. Biological experimental methods3zadania
6. Digital tools for biological investigation1zadanie