Zadanie 7, Paper 2, maj 2022, TZ1, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2022, TZ1, pytanie 7. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
Stem-cell properties and mitochondrial energy conversion have important biological applications.
(a) Outline reasons why stem cells may be useful therapeutically.
(b) Explain how the mitochondrial electron transport chain contributes to ATP formation.
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Pokaż rozwiązanieUkryj rozwiązanieKlucz i punktacja
Odpowiedź z klucza
(a) Stem cells can divide OR differentiate along different pathways. ✔
They can be obtained from sources such as bone marrow, adult tissues, embryos or umbilical blood. ✔
Their descendants can replace or repair damaged tissue. ✔
A valid specific example, such as blood-forming stem cells restoring blood-cell production. ✔
They can support laboratory drug testing. ✔
(b) ATP production is coupled to chemiosmosis. ✔
Electrons or energy come from oxidation reactions OR the Krebs cycle OR glycolysis. ✔
Reduced NAD or reduced FAD supplies electrons. ✔
Electron transfer between carriers releases energy. ✔
This energy drives proton pumping. ✔
Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space; the matrix as the starting point is optional. ✔
A proton electrochemical gradient is established. ✔
Protons return down that gradient. ✔
They pass through ATP synthase. ✔
Their return is into the matrix. ✔
Proton flow supplies energy for ATP formation; phosphorylation of ADP may be stated but is not required. ✔
Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the chain. ✔
Quality: the response is clear on first reading, concise and contains little repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): any 3 points, maximum 3. Part (b), corresponding to source 7(c): any 7 points, maximum 7. Award 1 independent quality mark for the stated communication criterion. Total maximum 11. Original 7(b), monoclonal-antibody production, omitted by syllabus filter.
Umiejętności w zadaniu
- Electron flow driving proton pumpingĆwicz podobne
- Self-renewal and differentiation of stem cellsĆwicz podobne
- Mitochondrial ATP production by chemiosmosisĆwicz podobne
- Oxygen accepting electrons at the respiratory chainĆwicz podobne
- Adult stem cells and their nichesĆwicz podobne
- Reduced NAD feeding mitochondrial electron transportĆwicz podobne