Zadanie 9, Paper 2, maj 2026, TZ1, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2026, TZ1, pytanie 9. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
An animal’s survival depends on how its structures and behaviour fit its surroundings.
(a) Outline how animal membranes can maintain suitable fluidity in habitats with contrasting temperatures.
(b) Describe adaptations that allow herbivores to obtain plant food and adaptations that help plants resist being eaten.
(c) Explain how the abiotic conditions of a hot desert favour three adaptations in one named animal species.
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Pokaż rozwiązanieUkryj rozwiązanieKlucz i punktacja
Odpowiedź z klucza
(a) Fatty acid composition and cholesterol affect bilayer fluidity. ✔
A greater proportion of unsaturated chains helps prevent excessive packing in cold conditions. ✔
A greater proportion of saturated chains can stabilize membranes in warmer conditions. ✔
Cholesterol moderates changes in fluidity. ✔
At lower temperatures it limits tight packing and stiffening. ✔
At higher temperatures it restrains excessive phospholipid movement. ✔
(b) Piercing mouthparts allow access to plant sap. ✔
Chewing or grinding structures break up tough plant material. ✔
Detoxification pathways allow some herbivores to tolerate plant chemicals. ✔
A long or specialized gut helps process fibrous food. ✔
Thorns or spines discourage grazing. ✔
Tough surfaces or protective hairs impede feeding. ✔
Toxic substances in leaves or seeds deter consumers. ✔
Irritating or unpleasant-tasting substances reduce herbivory. ✔
(c) Low and unreliable rainfall makes water conservation important. ✔
High daytime temperatures and cooler nights create large daily thermal changes. ✔
Example species: desert kangaroo rat. ✔
It produces highly concentrated urine. ✔
This reduces water loss under dry conditions. ✔
It shelters in a burrow during the day. ✔
The cooler burrow reduces exposure to intense daytime heat. ✔
Specialized nasal passages recover water from exhaled air. ✔
This lowers respiratory water loss where liquid water is scarce. ✔
Schemat punktowania
(a) Award any 3 listed points; maximum 3. (b) Award any 5 valid adaptations; maximum 5. (c) Award any 7 listed or equivalent valid points for a named desert animal, maximum 7. Assess only the first animal and first three adaptations offered; each functional explanation must connect to an abiotic condition. Other appropriate species and adaptations are accepted. Quality: award 1 additional mark for a response across all three parts that is readily understandable, concise and largely free of repetition or irrelevant material. Judge this independently of content marks. Maximum 16 marks overall. Burrowing and nocturnal activity are alternatives within one heat-avoidance adaptation, not two of the three adaptations.