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A warm-water reef experiences three sustained changes. I. More suspended sediment reduces light penetration. II. Seawater becomes more acidic. III. Summer water temperatures exceed the local normal range. Which changes could inhibit reef building? A. I and III…
A new river channel separates a rodent population. Over many generations, the isolated populations diverge. Which explanation fits? A. Sympatric speciation because the populations remain separated by water B. Allopatric divergence with different selective…
A cover crop releases compounds that suppress germination of nearby plants. What agricultural use could follow from this allelopathic effect? A. Replacing all mineral nutrients with the released compounds B. Developing a treatment that reduces weed…
In a lichen, a fungus provides a protected setting and mineral access, while its photosynthetic partner supplies organic compounds. How is this interaction classified? A. Competition within one species B. Mutualism between different species C. Parasitism…
In an isolated meadow, plants accumulate new biomass and herbivores use some of it for growth. Over the same area and time, which comparison of production rates is expected? A. Primary production exceeds secondary production because part of the consumed carbon…
In an isolated meadow, plants accumulate new biomass and herbivores use some of it for growth. Over the same area and time, which comparison of production rates is expected? A. Primary production exceeds secondary production because part of the consumed carbon…
A regenerating woodland is accumulating carbon in living biomass. Which process initially transfers atmospheric carbon into this carbon sink? A. Release of carbon dioxide during respiration B. Oxidation of fallen wood by decomposers C. Combustion of dry…
In an established mycorrhizal association, fungal hyphae colonize a plant’s roots and obtain sugars produced by the plant. Which interaction is represented? A. Parasitism because the fungus receives carbon B. Competition because each partner must lose the same…
Male widowbirds display long tail feathers, whereas females have much shorter tails. Which explanation invokes sexual selection for the male trait? A. Males with more attractive displays leave more offspring because females choose them B. Long tails directly…
Seed width is heritable in a plant population. The curves summarize a change across many generations. Which explanation is consistent with the pattern? A. Stabilizing selection favours only intermediate seeds B. Directional selection favours one extreme and…