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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuA model of liquid water uses a label on each oxygen atom to show the charge caused by unequal sharing of bonding electrons. Which label is appropriate? A. A full positive charge, + B. A partial negative charge, δ− C. A full negative charge, − D. No…
Four molecular structures are shown. Which has distinct water-attracting and water-repelling regions and is therefore amphipathic? A. Molecule D B. Molecule B C. Molecule C D. Molecule A
Which description matches the glucose polymer that forms plant cell-wall microfibrils? A. Branched chains composed only of α-glucose B. Unbranched chains of β-glucose joined by glycosidic bonds C. A chain of alternating amino acids and phosphate groups D. A…
Temperature is held at 24 °C. At X on the lower curve, increasing which factor would allow a higher photosynthetic rate, as demonstrated by the other curve? A. Oxygen concentration B. Chloroplast number C. Carbon dioxide concentration D. Darkness duration
The two models show the same enzyme before and during substrate binding. Which interpretation fits the change? A. The active site adjusts its conformation as the substrate binds B. The enzyme is permanently consumed by substrate binding C. The substrate…
Which statement accurately describes the production of a polypeptide from an mRNA message? A. RNA polymerase joins amino acids while tRNA codons bind mRNA anticodons B. A ribosome joins nucleotides after matching the mRNA to DNA C. A ribosome supports…
Each band represents a DNA fragment in a simplified profile. Which candidate is compatible with being the child’s father, assuming the listed mother is correct and ignoring mutation? A. Candidate Q B. Candidate S C. Candidate P D. Candidate R
Three eukaryotic cells have the features shown. Which classification best fits the observations? Feature | Cell P | Cell Q | Cell R Cell wall | Chitin-containing | Absent | Cellulose-containing Plastids | Absent | Absent | Present Large central vacuole |…
Which labelled component can act as a cell-recognition marker at the surface? A. P B. Q C. R D. S
An individual cell separated from a two-cell mammalian embryo can still generate both the embryonic body and the supporting extraembryonic tissues. How is its developmental potential classified? A. Multipotent B. Totipotent C. Unipotent D. Pluripotent
A schematic records the shapes of mammalian red blood cells after immersion in a test solution. What can be deduced from their appearance? A. The external solution has a lower solute concentration and the cells have swollen B. The external solution is…
Assume complete penetrance and no new mutations. Which inheritance pattern best fits this pedigree? A. Autosomal dominant B. X-linked dominant C. Autosomal recessive D. Y-linked
A recording includes quiet breathing followed by a maximal inspiration and maximal expiration. What is the vital capacity per unit body mass? A. 8 mL kg⁻¹ B. 12 mL kg⁻¹ C. 76 mL kg⁻¹ D. 64 mL kg⁻¹
Which combination is typical of many veins carrying blood back from the limbs? A. Valves present; walls relatively thin B. Valves absent; walls thicker than comparable arteries C. Valves present; complete absence of muscle D. Valves absent; walls one…
Which gland–hormone–role combination is correct? A. Pineal gland — melatonin — coordination of daily sleep timing B. Adrenal gland — insulin — lowering blood glucose C. Pancreas — melatonin — initiating sleep D. Pineal gland — adrenaline — increasing cardiac…
After a person steps on a sharp object, a withdrawal reflex bends the leg. Which component acts as the effector? A. A contracting leg muscle B. A sensory axon from the skin C. A relay neuron in the spinal cord D. A pain receptor in the sole
Which cell can provide an innate defence by engulfing microbes without first selecting a clone with a matching antigen receptor? A. A plasma cell secreting one antibody specificity B. A memory B cell C. An activated helper T cell D. A macrophage
Which identifications match P, Q and R in this simplified male reproductive-system diagram? A. P: epididymis; Q: urethra; R: prostate B. P: testis; Q: sperm duct; R: seminal vesicle C. P: testis; Q: ureter; R: epididymis D. P: prostate; Q: sperm duct; R:…
At a locus showing incomplete dominance in snapdragons, homozygous crimson and ivory plants produce only pale-rose heterozygotes. What phenotypic proportions are expected when two of these heterozygotes are crossed? A. Half crimson and half ivory, with no…
A warm environment raises a person’s core temperature. Which response helps increase heat loss? A. More shivering contractions B. Constriction of skin arterioles C. Dilation of skin arterioles D. Increased uncoupled heat production
Penguins are birds and seals are mammals. Both swim using flattened forelimbs with corresponding humerus, radius and ulna bones. Which evolutionary interpretation best explains these observations? A. The swimming specialisations are homologous because the…
The great auk was a flightless seabird of the North Atlantic that became extinct in the nineteenth century. Which human pressure is recognised as the principal cause of its extinction? A. Unsustainable harvesting of individuals and eggs B. Nutrient enrichment…
Which observation describes an abiotic influence on a freshwater community? A. Predatory beetles consuming larvae B. Dissolved oxygen concentration in the water C. Fungi infecting plant roots D. Competition between two algae species
Two species have almost identical requirements for a limiting resource. In a constant environment, one consistently uses that resource more efficiently. Which outcome illustrates competitive exclusion? A. Predation must always increase until both competitors…
Ecologists mark 84 woodlice and return them to a study site. After mixing, a second sample contains 72 woodlice, of which 18 are marked. Using N = MC/R, what is the estimated population? A. 174 B. 336 C. 6048 D. 1512
Black walnut roots release compounds that suppress growth of nearby susceptible plants. What is this interaction called? A. Mutualism B. Allelopathy C. Migration D. Pollination
A microorganism fixes carbon dioxide using energy released when it oxidises hydrogen sulfide. Which nutritional category fits this organism? A. Photoheterotroph B. Saprotrophic heterotroph C. Chemoautotroph D. Photoautotroph
Why are Endler’s controlled studies of guppy colour patterns useful evidence for natural selection? A. They show that changing predation pressure can alter which inherited male colour patterns become common B. They show that every guppy acquires the colour it…
Following nutrient enrichment, a lake experiences a dense algal bloom that later dies. What most directly drives the subsequent fall in dissolved oxygen? A. Aerobic microbes consume oxygen while decomposing the dead biomass B. Photosynthesis stops producing…
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