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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuA small insect rests on a pond with its feet making slight depressions in the surface. Which molecular interaction primarily supports the surface film? A. Covalent bonds form between the water and the insect cuticle B. Hydrogen bonds attract neighbouring water…
Which property is shared by starch and cellulose in plant cells? A. Both consist exclusively of branched beta-glucose chains B. Both are the main energy-storage polymer of the cell wall C. Their large polymer molecules are poorly soluble in water D. Both are…
A student obtains all dietary protein from plants. Which statement about the student’s amino acid supply is correct? A. Human cells can synthesize some amino acids by modifying other organic molecules B. Every amino acid must be taken unchanged from an animal…
A model protease works best at 42 °C and pH 6.5. The experiment shown runs at 35 °C and pH 6.5. Which change can increase its rate at the plateau P? A. Reduce enzyme concentration by half B. Raise temperature from 35 °C to 42 °C C. Add more substrate while…
Three pigment absorption spectra from a model green leaf are shown. Which deduction is supported? A. Red illumination near 666 nm can supply energy for oxygen-producing photosynthesis B. The leaf must absorb every wavelength equally C. Green illumination near…
The schematic shows a DNA replication fork. What does helicase do at this fork? A. Separates paired strands by disrupting hydrogen bonds between bases B. Forms peptide bonds between neighbouring nucleotides C. Adds phosphate groups to every amino acid D. Makes…
One DNA coding-strand triplet changes from 5′-TCT-3′ to 5′-TGT-3′. All other triplets remain unchanged. Use the supplied coding-strand table. What follows from this substitution? A. Every later triplet is shifted by one base B. The encoded chain loses exactly…
Which labelled set identifies structures typical of a photosynthetic plant cell but absent from a typical animal cell? A. A, B and E B. B, C and D C. C, D and F D. A, D and F
A membrane contains aquaporin proteins. What role do they perform? A. They hydrolyse ATP to pump water against its potential gradient B. They attach water covalently to phospholipid tails C. They act only on the external membrane surface D. They provide…
Which outcome is consistent with the developmental potential of an embryonic pluripotent stem cell? A. It can form only one already specialized blood-cell type B. It must make an entire placenta as well as every embryonic tissue C. It can generate many…
The schematic cross-section shows axons surrounded by concentric membrane layers. What function is associated with structure X? A. It provides insulation that permits faster impulse conduction along the axon B. It synthesizes neurotransmitter receptors in…
Which event is shared by mitotic and meiotic nuclear division? A. Homologous chromosomes must pair as bivalents in both B. The chromosome number is halved in both C. Chromatin becomes more condensed through DNA packaging with histones D. DNA is replicated…
The binomial name of the grey wolf is Canis lupus. Which part names its genus? A. Canis B. lupus C. Mammalia D. The complete two-word name alone
The curve shows quiet breathing. What muscle actions correspond to time T? A. Ribs move upwards and outwards while the diaphragm contracts B. Ribs move downwards while the diaphragm contracts C. Ribs move upwards while the diaphragm relaxes D. Ribs move…
Which receptors detect a rise in arterial blood pressure and contribute to reflex adjustment of heart rate? A. Stretch-sensitive baroreceptors in the aortic wall B. Light receptors in the retina C. Chemoreceptors that measure only blood glucose D. Motor…
For a vaccine-preventable viral infection, which measure most directly builds population immunity that can also protect susceptible individuals? A. Giving antibiotics to every uninfected person B. Immunizing a sufficiently large proportion of people with an…
A person normally sleeps from about 01:00 until 07:30. The 24-hour clock shows four positions. Around which position would melatonin normally be highest? A. A B. B C. C D. D
After fertilization, the first division of the human zygote normally takes place while it is in which labelled structure? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure C D. Structure D
M carries an X-linked recessive haemophilia allele. N has no copy of that allele. What is the probability that the male T has haemophilia, disregarding new mutations? A. 100% B. 50% C. 0% D. 12.5%
The diagram shows a change in skin arterioles following a change in environmental temperature. Which response is likely to accompany it? A. More sweat secreted to the skin surface B. Increased shivering activity in skeletal muscles C. Body hairs lying flatter…
The streamlined bodies of a shark and a dolphin evolved in separate vertebrate lineages. Which interpretation is correct? A. A similar aquatic demand has favoured convergent evolution of an analogous overall form B. The dolphin descended directly from the…
Which loss of woodland has a directly anthropogenic cause? A. A storm uproots mature trees B. A natural lightning strike ignites dry litter C. A newly constructed reservoir submerges the forest D. A naturally occurring fungal outbreak kills seedlings
Four representative biome climates are placed on the model diagram. Which best fits a temperate forest? A. A B. B C. C D. D
A young epiphytic fern establishes on a high rainforest branch. What is its main advantage from this location? A. It receives sugars directly through the host’s phloem B. It accesses more light than seedlings on the shaded forest floor C. It avoids needing…
Which quantity can a mark–release–recapture estimate using the Lincoln index provide? A. The number of woodlice belonging to one population in a meadow B. The total number of plant species across a continent C. The precise locations of every rooted plant D.…
A soil fungus releases an antibiotic into its surroundings. What ecological benefit can this give the fungus? A. It creates additional sunlight beneath the soil B. It suppresses competing microbes that use the same resources C. It guarantees that every…
In an isolated meadow, plants accumulate new biomass and herbivores use some of it for growth. Over the same area and time, which comparison of production rates is expected? A. Primary production exceeds secondary production because part of the consumed carbon…
Which conditions can contribute to natural selection in a population? I. A habitat change that alters relative survival II. Inherited differences in a relevant trait III. Exactly equal reproductive success for every genotype in every generation Choose the…
Why can excess nutrient runoff reduce the diversity of animals in a lake? A. Phosphate necessarily biomagnifies as a poison in every food chain B. Decomposition following excessive algal growth depletes dissolved oxygen C. Additional nutrients make all aquatic…
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