Zadanie 6, Paper 2, maj 2025, TZ1, Biologia IB SL
Wzorowane na: Biology SL Paper 2, May 2025, TZ1, pytanie 6. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
Water affects both plant physiology and the habitats of organisms.
(a) Outline benefits to organisms arising from cohesion of water molecules.
(b) Outline how environmental conditions influence transpiration.
(c) Explain osmosis and its effects on plant cells.
One additional mark is available for clear, concise communication across the whole response.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a)
Water is polar, with partially positive and negative regions. ✔
Neighbouring water molecules attract one another OR are linked by hydrogen bonds. ✔
Cohesion supports water transport in xylem OR maintains a continuous water column during transpiration. ✔
Surface tension produced by cohesion can support small surface-dwelling organisms. ✔
The hydrogen-bond network makes evaporation energy-demanding, allowing evaporative cooling to remove body heat. ✔
The same intermolecular network contributes to high heat capacity, buffering aquatic temperatures, or to water remaining liquid across a broad biologically useful temperature interval. ✔
(b)
Transpiration is loss of water vapour, chiefly through stomata. ✔
Greater humidity reduces transpiration, other conditions equal. ✔
Higher temperature generally raises transpiration. ✔
Air movement generally raises transpiration by removing humid boundary air. ✔
Greater light intensity can increase stomatal opening and transpiration. ✔
Low soil water availability can close stomata and reduce transpiration. ✔
(c)
Osmosis is net water movement through a selectively permeable membrane. ✔
Osmosis is passive OR involves diffusion down a water-concentration gradient. ✔
Relative solute concentrations determine the direction of net movement. ✔
Plant cells gain water in a hypotonic medium. ✔
Cells swell OR become turgid OR develop turgor pressure. ✔
The cell wall resists expansion and prevents osmotic bursting. ✔
Cells lose water in a hypertonic medium. ✔
Cells become flaccid OR their contents shrink. ✔
The plasma membrane can pull away from the wall during plasmolysis. ✔
An isotonic solution has the same effective osmotic concentration as the cell contents. ✔
In isotonic conditions, there is no net change OR equal opposing water movements maintain dynamic equilibrium. ✔
Quality: the complete response is clear on first reading, focused and concise. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): any 4, max 4; (b): any 4, max 4; (c): any 7, max 7. One holistic communication mark. Total 16. Do not attribute the flotation of a large animal to surface tension.