Zadanie 8, Paper 2, specimen 2025, Biologia IB SL
Wzorowane na: Biology SL Paper 2, Specimen 2025, pytanie 8. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
Animals must function under changing environmental temperatures.
(a) Explain mechanisms of human thermoregulation.
(b) Explain how temperature affects enzyme activity.
(c) Distinguish the thermal properties of air and water in relation to animal habitats.
One additional mark is available for clear, concise construction of the complete response.
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(a) Maximum 7:
Human core temperature is normally regulated near 37°C. ✔
Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes. ✔
Behaviour such as seeking shade or adding clothing changes heat gain or loss. ✔
Information reaches the hypothalamic temperature-control centre. ✔
The hypothalamus signals to the pituitary gland. ✔
The pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). ✔
TSH stimulates thyroxin release from the thyroid. ✔
Thyroxin regulates metabolic rate or heat production. ✔
The body uses negative feedback to oppose deviations from its regulated range. ✔
Shivering involves muscle contractions that generate heat. ✔
Adipose tissue uses fat to generate heat (for example by uncoupled respiration in brown adipose tissue). ✔
Skin vasoconstriction limits heat loss OR vasodilation increases heat transfer to the surroundings. ✔
Sweat evaporation removes heat. ✔
Hair erection can increase the insulating air layer, although its effect in humans is limited. ✔
(b) Maximum 4:
Warming increases molecular motion. ✔
Substrates collide with active sites more frequently. ✔
Reaction rate rises over an appropriate temperature interval. ✔
An optimum is reached. ✔
Further heating can denature the enzyme. ✔
(c) Maximum 4:
Water has a higher specific heat capacity than air. ✔
More energy per unit mass is needed to change water temperature by the same amount. ✔
Aquatic environments can therefore be more thermally stable. ✔
Water conducts heat more effectively than air. ✔
Under comparable conditions animals can lose heat faster to water than to air. ✔
Evaporation of water provides cooling, whereas air itself is not an evaporating coolant. ✔
Aquatic mammals often have substantial insulating fat layers to reduce heat loss. ✔
Construction: 1 mark for clear, concise communication across the response.
Schemat punktowania
Award any N listed points within each part, where N is its cap. Part caps: 7, 4, 4. Maximum 15 content marks plus 1 independent construction mark, total 16. In (a), accept the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroxin pathway included in SL D3.3.5, as well as the physiological and behavioural mechanisms of D3.3.6.