Zadanie 6, Paper 2, maj 2026, TZ3, Biologia IB SL
Wzorowane na: Biology SL Paper 2, May 2026, TZ3, pytanie 6. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
Proteins contribute to structure, recognition and defence.
(a) Outline the general organization of a peptide.
(b) Describe the four ABO blood groups and their molecular/genetic basis.
(c) Explain the adaptive immune response to invading pathogens.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a) Peptides consist of amino-acid residues. ✔
Residues are linked by peptide bonds OR by the relevant carbon–nitrogen bonds OR through condensation reactions. ✔
Different amino acids/side chains may occur, OR their order may vary. ✔
An amino group is at one end and a carboxyl group at the other. ✔
Length ranges from a dipeptide to a chain of many residues. ✔
(b) Red-cell surface glycoproteins can act as antigens. ✔
The four groups are A, B, AB and O. ✔
A cells bear A antigen OR B cells bear B antigen OR AB cells bear both OR O cells lack A and B antigens. ✔
Multiple alleles govern the system; accept Iᴬ, Iᴮ and i. ✔
Both Iᴬ and Iᴮ are dominant to i. ✔
Iᴬ and Iᴮ are codominant, OR O is ii, OR AB is IᴬIᴮ, OR A is IᴬIᴬ/Iᴬi, OR B is IᴮIᴮ/Iᴮi. ✔
(c) Pathogens are recognized through their surface antigens. ✔
Phagocytes recognize pathogens. ✔
They engulf pathogens. ✔
Antigen-presenting phagocytes display pathogen antigens. ✔
Helper T cells OR B cells recognize appropriate foreign antigens. ✔
Helper T cells activate B cells for antibody production. ✔
Activated B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma-cell clones. ✔
Each clone produces a particular antibody specificity. ✔
Antibodies bind matching antigens. ✔
Some activated B cells become memory cells. ✔
Long-lived memory cells remain, OR provide lasting adaptive immunity, OR enable a faster later response. ✔
Schemat punktowania
(a) Award any 3 points, maximum 3; accept an annotated diagram. (b) Award any 4 points, maximum 4; identifying the four groups anywhere earns their list point, and annotated diagrams may earn relevant points. Do not credit clotting as ABO recognition. (c) Award any 8 points, maximum 8. Memory B cells are not plasma cells; the source’s conflation is corrected while preserving the persistence/immunity/rapid-response alternatives. Award 1 independent quality mark for a clear and concise whole response with little irrelevant repetition. Maximum 16 overall.