Zadanie 2d

3 pktobliczeniowetrudne (szac.)Paper 2, maj 2026, TZ1

Wzorowane na: Chemistry HL Paper 2, May 2026, TZ1, pytanie 2(d). Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.

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Informacja do zadań 2a-2e.

Rubidium, Rb, is a reactive metal.

Polecenie

Rubidium also forms compounds with halogens such as chlorine, Cl. Annotate the Born–Haber cycle for rubidium chloride, RbCl, with the correct values in the boxes A, B and C. Use sections 9 and 12 of the data booklet.

Born-Haber energy level diagram for rubidium chloride; on the left the levels Rb(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g), Rb(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g) and Rb+(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g) + e- joined by arrows labelled +81 and +403 kJ mol-1; above them the level Rb+(g) + Cl(g) + e- reached by an upward arrow into the empty box A; on the right the lower level Rb+(g) + Cl-(g), reached by a downward arrow from the top level into the empty box B; at the bottom the level RbCl(s), with an arrow of -435 kJ mol-1 from Rb(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g) down to it and an upward arrow from RbCl(s) to Rb+(g) + Cl-(g) into the empty box C
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Odpowiedź z klucza

A «bond enthalpy, 12ClX2→Cl\tfrac{1}{2}\ce{Cl2} \to \ce{Cl}»: «2422=\dfrac{242}{2} =» +121 «kJ mol−1» ✔

B «electron affinity of chlorine»: −349 «kJ mol−1» ✔

C «lattice enthalpy»: «Hess's law round the cycle: 435 + 81 + 403 + 121 − 349 =» +691 «kJ mol−1» ✔

Schemat punktowania

[3] M1: A = +121 kJ mol-1 (half the Cl–Cl bond enthalpy of 242 kJ mol-1 from section 12); M2: B = −349 kJ mol-1 (electron affinity of Cl from section 9; the negative sign is required); M3: C = +691 kJ mol-1 by Hess's law. Award [3] for 691 kJ mol-1 with or without working. Award [2] for −691 kJ mol-1 for M3 (sign error). Award [2] for +812 kJ mol-1 for M3 (the whole Cl–Cl bond enthalpy used instead of half). Accept 695 kJ mol-1 read directly from section 16 (the experimental value, 4 kJ mol-1 above the value from this cycle) as an alternative for M3. ECF for M3 from A and B as given.

Komentarz

The enthalpy of formation is given as a downward arrow, so the lattice enthalpy (endothermic, upward arrow) must come out positive.

Umiejętności w zadaniu