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Interviewer: What do you think Wright wanted to express through this structure?

Paul Goldberger: I think the legacy of the building is in the message that architecture doesn't have to lie down and play dead in front of art. To my mind, Wright wanted to project the idea that a neutral space is not the only way to show art, that an architect can create something powerful in itself and, as a result, can enhance the experience of looking at art. Wright helped to usher in the era of what we call "museum branding", which spawned every freestyled sculptural museum of the past half-century. In a way every museum of our time is a child of the Guggenheim.

Interviewer: So what do visitors see once they enter the museum?

Paul Goldberger: As they step inside, the low-ceilinged area suddenly opens up into the rotunda and their eyes are immediately drawn up to the skylight, or oculus, 96 feet above them. The works of art remain hidden at this point. The idea is that before visitors get to them they must experience the building itself. They are startled by the unrestricted space, and confronted by Wright's vision. The rotunda is the heart of the building. It functions almost like a town square. Many buildings are best observed by standing in one place and taking it all in. But the only way to experience the rotunda is to climb or descend the spiral staircase. You feel the space change as you walk round and round, and as you progress, you can look from a distance at a piece of art that you'll soon see close-up on the other side of the rotunda or turn back and look from another angle at the masterpiece you admired a few moments earlier. Wright designed the museum as an airy, open place where visitors would not have to retrace their steps. When you return to the entrance of the Guggenheim at the end of your visit, you feel refreshed, not weary, and ready to face whatever life has in store.

Interviewer: Thank you for talking to us.

Text 2

Many of the objects scientists send out into space, for example satellites, end up indefinitely adrift after their job is done. No longer useful for missions and inconvenient to destroy, space debris has accumulated around our planet like a cloud of filth. Its mere presence endangers active satellites and spacecraft. We all know that the congestion in Earth's lower orbit is steadily increasing. But if all goes according to plan, we may soon have a way to combat this troubling trend. The European Space Agency has announced plans to launch an octopus-like robot into space with the aim of removing a single huge piece of abandoned junk from orbit. The mission, called ClearSpace-1, is, I think, quite an emotional rollercoaster for the scientists involved as they will have to witness their robot's death dive into the atmosphere. When it has caught the 265-pound chunk of debris in its clutches, it will boomerang back towards Earth and burn up completely on the way, so there'll be no encore act for ClearSpace-1.

But the mission, if successful, will surely be the first of many to remove space junk from the Earth's orbit. It will pave the way for the developers of ClearSpace-1 to move on to the creation of a machine capable of multiple captures, sequentially returning unwanted objects back into the atmosphere where they will burn up. And the ClearSpace-1 robot is not the only trash-busting space tech being tested. Other groups of scientists have developed devices involving nets and harpoons; others are toying with the idea of destroying debris with lasers or rocket engines. Thankfully the practice of sending space junk even farther away from Earth into what's called a 'graveyard orbit' is no longer considered to be a workable solution. Nowadays everybody understands the growing threat posed by cosmic garbage. As all this dangerous clutter orbits the Earth, it can reach speeds of 17,500 miles per hour, fast enough to damage a satellite or spacecraft. In 2016, a tiny piece of space debris made a quarter-inch hole in one of the windows on the International Space Station. Researchers suspect that the culprit was a paint chip or a tiny fragment of metal. Had it been much bigger, an entire section of the space station could have been shattered into pieces. Such events strengthen the conviction that the space debris issue is more pressing than ever before. That said, grabbing garbage out of space doesn't address the root of the issue, which lies in the unsustainable practices of modern space activity. As such, scientists feel their future efforts need to be about more than just cleaning up what's already up there. What we need are technologies that prevent the creation of new debris.

2.1. Which of the following is stated as an opinion, not a fact, in answer to the first question?

A. The design of the building did not match the architecture in its vicinity.

B. Many avant-garde artists strongly criticized Wright's design.

C. Wright's design violated established architectural principles.

D. The negative reactions to his design upset Wright.

2.2. In Paul Goldberger's opinion, Wright's intention in designing the building was to

A. advocate the notion that modern architecture can overshadow art.

B. show that neutral spaces are the most advantageous for displaying art.

C. gain fame for himself as the creator of a new trend in architecture.

D. demonstrate that a venue can complement the art displayed there.

2.3. Inside the Guggenheim Museum, visitors

A. experience the exhibited works of art as soon as they go into the rotunda.

B. are able to admire works of art from different perspectives.

C. follow a route whereby they return to the same rooms a number of times.

D. get the misleading impression that the rotunda is tilted.

2.4. The ClearSpace-1 mission is described in the text as "an emotional rollercoaster" because

A. it might become hazardous to other space missions.

B. there is a risk of the robot falling out of orbit and causing chaos on Earth.

C. the robot the scientists invented is destined for destruction.

D. dealing with space junk can be a frustrating process.

2.5. The next goal for the ClearSpace-1 scientists will be to design

A. a laser which burns up dangerous space clutter.

B. a device able to place space clutter in a 'graveyard orbit'.

C. nets and harpoons that can retrieve junk from space.

D. a machine which can repeatedly be used to dispose of space clutter.

2.6. The speaker mentions the incident caused by a tiny piece of space debris to

A. show the urgency of finding a solution to the problem of space junk.

B. draw attention to the problem of inactive satellites colliding in space.

C. make readers aware of various problems with the International Space Station.

D. speculate about the speed at which debris becomes a threat to active satellites.