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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuA small water-strider rests on the surface of a still freshwater pool without breaking through it. Which property directly supports its weight? A. Surface tension B. Transparency C. High specific heat capacity D. Adhesion to mineral surfaces
A chromatin model shows repeated protein cores with a strand wrapped around them. What are the structures indicated by P and Q? A. P: ribosomal RNA; Q: a polypeptide B. P: histone proteins; Q: linker DNA C. P: phospholipids; Q: ribosomal DNA D. P: DNA…
The structural formula of molecule M is shown. Which description best fits its structure? A. A steroid lipid that can diffuse through a phospholipid bilayer B. A triglyceride containing three long fatty-acid chains C. A water-soluble monosaccharide with a…
Three protein models are shown. Which set of descriptions is supported by their structures? A. P: conjugated; Q: fibrous; R: globular B. P: primary; Q: globular; R: fibrous C. P: fibrous; Q: globular; R: secondary only D. P: lipid; Q: conjugated; R:…
Two pathways for the same reaction are shown. Which pair of labels is correctly interpreted? A. P: activation energy with catalyst; R: energy added by enzyme B. Q: activation energy with catalyst; R: energy released overall C. R: activation energy; P: energy…
A dashed curve is the uninhibited reference. Which labelled curve is expected when a statin inhibits the enzyme responsible for a step in cholesterol synthesis? A. Curve Q B. Curve P C. Curve S D. Curve R
Which groups include organisms that release oxygen during photosynthesis? I. Green algae II. Cyanobacteria III. Mushrooms A. I and II only B. I, II and III C. I and III only D. II only
Researchers enrich carbon dioxide around an open-air grassland plot using a FACE system. What is the main advantage over an enclosed growth chamber? A. Natural rainfall and wind are completely excluded B. Responses to raised carbon dioxide are measured under…
DNA fragments move through an agarose gel from the wells shown. Which deduction is supported? A. P travelled furthest and represents smaller DNA fragments than Q B. Q is positively charged and moves toward the negative electrode C. Q must have a lower…
A DNA template is read 3′ to 5′. The reading frame starts at the first base shown. The first G in the fourth triplet is removed. 3′–TAC GGA AAT GCT CCG TTA–5′ What is the fourth mRNA codon after this deletion? A. AGC B. GAG C. CTC D. GGA
The diagram shows a ribosome translating mRNA in the indicated direction. What would directly result from blocking the leftmost binding site labelled P? A. RNA polymerase would reverse transcription B. A deacylated tRNA would be unable to leave through its…
A laboratory uses immunofluorescence to locate a protein in cells. What provides the specificity of the fluorescent signal? A. Visible light converts the target protein into DNA B. A dye binds indiscriminately to all membrane lipids C. A fluorophore is…
A temperate phage can persist in its bacterial host or undergo productive infection. Which event identifies the lysogenic state in a lambda-like phage? A. Translation without host ribosomes B. Complete destruction of the viral genome on entry C. Immediate…
Identify the labelled components of this membrane model. A. P: glycoprotein; Q: integral protein B. P: phospholipid; Q: free ribosome C. P: peripheral protein; Q: cholesterol D. P: nucleic acid; Q: carbohydrate chain
Which pair of structures occurs in both mammalian cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle fibres? A. Chloroplasts and mitochondria B. Central vacuoles and cilia C. Cellulose walls and sarcomeres D. Sarcomeres and mitochondria
Which statement accurately describes stem-cell potential? A. An adult blood-forming stem cell is multipotent B. A two-cell-stage blastomere is restricted to blood cells C. Every adult skin stem cell is totipotent D. A pluripotent cell can form only one mature…
The axons shown are at the same temperature. Which is expected to conduct an action potential most slowly? A. P B. S C. Q D. R
Two drug actions at synapses are summarized. Which interpretation is correct? A. Q fits cocaine because it seals every postsynaptic ion channel B. P fits neonicotinoids because it converts transmitter into protein C. P fits cocaine because it reduces…
Which feature is common to benign and malignant tumours in the standard model of tumour development? A. Both always invade every adjacent tissue B. Both grow as perfectly spherical masses C. Both arise from accumulated changes that disrupt control of cell…
A plant cell equilibrates first in solution P and then in a more concentrated solution Q. Its appearances are shown. How do its water potential and pressure potential change from P to Q? A. Water potential rises; pressure potential rises B. Water potential…
Two wild populations of a sexually reproducing amphibian differ in colour pattern. Which observation most strongly supports classifying them as the same species under the biological species concept? A. They live in neighbouring valleys B. They use the same…
A short standardized DNA sequence from a river-water sample is compared with a reference library. What is this use of DNA barcoding designed to determine? A. The exact age of every fish B. Which organisms will necessarily survive next winter C. Which species…
Which description correctly links a structure at a synovial joint with its function? A. A tendon conveys pulling force from muscle to bone B. Synovial fluid fixes the two bones rigidly together C. A ligament generates force by sarcomere shortening D. Cartilage…
How can the relatively compliant walls of a vein help return blood from a limb? A. They resist all external compression B. They replace the need for a pressure gradient C. They can be compressed by nearby skeletal muscles, helping propel blood through valves…
Curve Q lies to the right of curve P. Which combination can account for this shift in adult blood? A. Less carbon dioxide binding; lower oxygen affinity B. Less carbon dioxide binding; unchanged oxygen affinity C. More carbon dioxide binding; lower oxygen…
Simplified circulation pathways are shown. Which pair labels low-pressure deoxygenated blood returning from body tissues in the two animals? A. P and S B. Q and R C. Q and S D. P and R
The model shows an interaction between immune cells, followed by formation of two cell types. What do labels P, Q and R represent? A. P: plasma cell; Q: glucose; R: helper T cell B. P: phagocyte; Q: antibody; R: red blood cell C. P: memory B cell; Q: lipid; R:…
A drug inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis but does not stop a virus multiplying inside a human cell. Why? A. The viral life cycle lacks the bacterial process targeted by the drug B. Antibiotics act only on multicellular parasites C. All viruses possess…
Which feature of auxin transport contributes to directional growth of a shoot? A. Efflux carriers are distributed asymmetrically in cell membranes B. Efflux carriers transport auxin only into cells C. Auxin pumps hydrogen ions exclusively into the nucleus D.…
Which event allows the maternal and paternal chromosomes to assemble on the first mitotic spindle after human fertilization? A. Both chromosome sets undergo a new meiotic division B. The pronuclear envelopes break down C. Paternal chromosomes are digested…
In a snapdragon cross, homozygous deep-red plants and homozygous white plants produce pink heterozygous offspring. Which explanation fits this observation? A. Complete dominance, because the offspring resemble one homozygote B. Incomplete dominance, because…
During prolonged exercise on a warm day, blood flow through skin vessels increases. What is the main benefit? A. The skin removes all lactate directly into sweat B. More heat transfers from the body core to the surroundings C. Digestion is accelerated in skin…
A shark and an ichthyosaur independently evolved streamlined bodies from ancestors with different body forms. Which interpretation best describes this similarity? A. Artificial selection producing homologous wings B. Divergent evolution producing homologous…
A unicellular Euglena culture fixes carbon in light but can also obtain organic nutrients from its surroundings. Which description covers both modes? A. Obligate carnivore only B. Obligate saprotroph only C. Obligate photoautotroph only D. Mixotroph
Arrows in this food web point from food to consumer. How many animal species feed exclusively as primary consumers in the web shown? A. 5 B. 4 C. 6 D. 3
A model for a northern-hemisphere station combines a rising long-term trend with annual carbon-dioxide decreases. Which seasonal change contributes most directly to the decreases? A. An increase in decomposition B. An increase in combustion C. An increase in…
A model dataset compares guppy populations in three ponds. Larger bright patches attract mates but can also attract predators. Pond | Predators of type P | Predators of type Q | Male patches A | 8 | 0 | Large, bright B | 13 | 0 | Medium C | 4 | 19 | Small,…
Which action is consistent with rewilding a damaged river catchment? A. Removing all native predators B. Reintroducing a native keystone species to restore ecological processes C. Maintaining every habitat as a small isolated enclosure D. Replacing native…
Which listed conditions belong to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium model? I. No allele is favoured by selection II. Mating is random III. Strong genetic drift occurs each generation A. II and III only B. III only C. I and II only D. I only
Which change would reduce long-term carbon storage by a wetland ecosystem? A. Rewetting drained peat B. Draining peat and clearing its vegetation C. Protecting the wetland from burning D. Restoring native peat-forming vegetation
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