Zadanie 6, Paper 2, maj 2024, TZ1, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2024, TZ1, pytanie 6. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Outline how evaporation of sweat cools the body.
(b) Describe the kidney’s response when body water is depleted.
(c) Explain the movement of water from soil, through a flowering plant and into the air.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a)
Liquid water in sweat evaporates into vapour. ✔
Thermal energy is needed to disrupt hydrogen bonds between water molecules. ✔
Evaporation removes thermal energy from the skin/body. ✔
The high latent heat of vaporization makes water an effective evaporative coolant. ✔
(b)
Dehydration or raised blood solute concentration stimulates increased ADH secretion. ✔
More aquaporins are available in the collecting-duct membrane OR aquaporin water permeability increases; membrane insertion is an acceptable explanation. ✔
Collecting ducts become more water-permeable OR reabsorb more water. ✔
Water is reabsorbed by osmosis OR because the medulla is hypertonic. ✔
Reabsorbed water returns to the blood OR lowers blood solute concentration. ✔
Urine volume is smaller OR urine is more concentrated. ✔
Negative feedback operates OR ADH secretion falls when normal blood water balance returns. ✔
(c)
Water enters roots by osmosis. ✔
Root hairs increase the surface available for water uptake. ✔
Active uptake of mineral ions can lower root water potential and promote water entry. ✔
Water enters root xylem OR is transported upwards in xylem vessels. ✔
Water is lost by evaporation OR transpiration from leaves; mentioning stomata is optional. ✔
Evaporation generates low hydrostatic pressure/tension in leaf xylem. ✔
This tension pulls a continuous water column upwards. ✔
Cohesion through hydrogen bonding helps maintain the water column. ✔
Root pressure can move water upwards OR active ion loading into root xylem promotes this movement. ✔
Adhesion to xylem walls contributes to capillary effects. ✔
Lignified xylem walls resist collapse under tension. ✔
Quality of communication: clear on first reading, concise and without unnecessary repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): any 3 points, maximum 3. Part (b): any 5 points, maximum 5. Part (c): any 7 points, maximum 7. Award 1 independent communication mark across the complete answer. Maximum 16. Accept scientifically equivalent wording and relevant annotated diagrams.