Zadanie 10, Paper 2, specimen 2025, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, Specimen 2025, pytanie 10. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
DNA structure and sequence affect biological function.
(a) Outline how ultraviolet radiation can act as a mutagen.
(b) Explain links between DNA molecular structure and its functions.
(c) Describe how gene knockout is used in research.
One additional mark is available for clear, concise construction of the complete response.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a) Maximum 4:
UV can damage DNA, including genes controlling division or repair. ✔
UV can alter complementary base pairing OR join adjacent bases abnormally (for example, pyrimidine dimers). ✔
UV-associated damage can disrupt the local double-helical structure. ✔
Strand breaks can arise through damage or its processing. ✔
Incorrect replication or repair can leave a changed base sequence. ✔
DNA can become fragmented OR fragments can be lost. ✔
(b) Maximum 7:
The base sequence carries genetic information. ✔
Genes are expressed OR provide information used in producing proteins. ✔
A DNA strand serves as the template for transcription into RNA. ✔
Each nucleotide contains a sugar, phosphate and a base. ✔
DNA strands are polymers of nucleotides. ✔
The two strands run in opposite directions. ✔
A pairs with T and C with G (allowing complementary copying). ✔
Hydrogen bonds join the bases (and can be separated during copying). ✔
The paired strands form a double helix. ✔
(c) Maximum 4:
Knockout deliberately modifies a gene using genetic engineering. ✔
The modification prevents normal gene function. ✔
Targeted nucleases, including CRISPR-associated systems, can be used. ✔
Researchers observe the resulting phenotype. ✔
The results help infer the gene’s function (using appropriate controls). ✔
Collections of organisms with different knocked-out genes can be assembled. ✔
Such collections can be shared for research. ✔
Construction: 1 mark for clear, concise communication across the response.
Schemat punktowania
Award any N listed points within each part, where N is its cap. Part caps: 4, 7, 4. Maximum 15 content marks plus 1 independent construction mark, total 16. In (a), distortion or separation alone is not a permanent mutation; the explanation should concern damage that can lead to sequence change. Accept clear labelled diagrams for (b).