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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuHow are the oxygen and hydrogen atoms bonded within an individual water molecule? A. By ionic bonds after complete electron transfer B. By polar covalent bonds with unequal electron sharing C. By hydrogen bonds joining nuclei directly D. By non-polar covalent…
A plant cell deposits cellulose microfibrils outside its plasma membrane. What is their principal contribution? A. They catalyse respiration in the mitochondria B. They store the cell’s genetic information C. They resist stretching and reinforce the cell wall…
Which process links two amino acids to make a dipeptide? A. Hydrolysis producing a glycosidic bond B. Condensation producing a peptide bond C. Oxidation producing a hydrogen bond only D. Osmosis producing a phosphodiester bond
Which metabolic transformation is catabolic? A. Incorporating glucose into a growing glycogen chain B. Hydrolysis of a starch molecule into smaller sugar units C. Producing a triglyceride from glycerol and fatty acids D. Joining amino acids into a polypeptide
A blue carbon-dioxide indicator becomes yellow when dissolved carbon dioxide accumulates. Identical sealed jars start blue. Which treatment is most likely to retain the blue colour if illumination is sufficient for net photosynthesis? A. An aquatic plant and a…
Each panel proposes the strand composition of two DNA molecules after one round of replication. Which panel represents semiconservative replication? A. Panels Q and R B. Panel Q only C. Panel R only D. Panel P only
Use the codon information to choose an mRNA that encodes Val–Lys–Gly–Tyr. mRNA codon | Amino acid GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG | Val AAA, AAG | Lys GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG | Gly UAU, UAC | Tyr GAU, GAC | Asp GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG | Ala CAA, CAG | Gln UUU, UUC | Phe A. GUC AAG…
A membrane-protein preparation is rapidly frozen so that molecules can be imaged in stable conformations using an electron beam. Which method is being used? A. Fluorescence microscopy of living cells B. Light microscopy with a visible stain C. Cryogenic…
A cell maintains the ion concentrations shown. Which mechanism can sustain these opposing gradients? Ion | Cytosol / mmol L⁻¹ | External fluid / mmol L⁻¹ Potassium | 142 | 4.5 Sodium | 12 | 138 A. Passive movement of both ions through permanently open channels…
Early embryonic cells receive different concentrations of signalling molecules according to their positions. Which outcome can these gradients direct? A. Immediate loss of all chromosomes B. Replication of only the mitochondrial genome C. Development of…
The axons shown are at the same temperature. Which is expected to conduct an action potential most slowly? A. P B. S C. Q D. R
Which event can occur in both mitosis and meiosis? A. A diploid chromosome number is halved in each daughter nucleus B. Homologous chromosomes form bivalents before the first division C. Exchange of chromosome segments is obligatory in every division D.…
Destruction of walls between neighbouring alveoli leaves larger air spaces in a lung. What direct effect impairs gas exchange? A. The total respiratory surface area is reduced B. The diffusion path through every remaining cell becomes zero C. The blood gains…
Which pair of changes would tend to increase transpiration from a well-watered plant with open stomata? A. Lower light availability and higher relative humidity B. Lower air temperature and higher relative humidity C. Higher relative humidity and slower air…
The graph models the ventilatory response when increased metabolic carbon dioxide lowers blood pH. Which receptor response contributes to the rise in ventilation? A. Thermoreceptors detect a fall in body mass B. Baroreceptors measure oxygen-binding affinity C.…
Which mechanism coordinates ordinary peristaltic waves along the intestine? A. Conscious contraction controlled by the motor cortex B. Involuntary coordination by the enteric nervous system C. Voluntary coordination by the spinal withdrawal reflex D. Conscious…
A bacterial isolate is no longer killed by an antibiotic that inhibited an earlier isolate of the same species. Which biological change could explain the difference? A. A mutation has altered a bacterial target so the drug binds less effectively B. The…
Rabies, leptospirosis and avian influenza can each be transmitted from non-human animals to people. Which category includes all three? A. Inherited metabolic disorders B. Diseases restricted to red blood cells C. Zoonoses D. Diseases caused only by bacteria
In an apple variety, pollen sharing the relevant incompatibility specificity with the maternal plant is rejected. What is a reproductive benefit of this mechanism? A. It prevents all changes in allele frequency B. It ensures that every ovule is fertilised by…
In a snapdragon line showing incomplete dominance, crimson homozygotes and ivory homozygotes produce pale-rose heterozygotes. A pale-rose plant is crossed with an ivory plant. Which result is expected? A. Only crimson offspring B. Crimson and ivory offspring…
After dinner the glucose concentration falls from its peak towards baseline. Which response could produce this decrease? A. Glucagon stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose B. Insulin promotes uptake of glucose and its storage as glycogen C. Insulin…
Which observation would support calling two structures analogous? A. They perform similar roles but their specialised forms arose independently B. They occur only in members of one species C. They have identical DNA sequences at every locus D. They differ in…
Which changes are likely to reduce global biodiversity? I. Expansion of urban development into natural habitats II. Recovery of a degraded native wetland III. Conversion of native grassland into intensive cropland A. I and III only B. I and II only C. II and…
A bracket fungus secretes enzymes into a dead log and absorbs the soluble products. Which nutritional mode is this? A. Photoautotrophy B. Saprotrophy C. Holozoic feeding D. Obligate mixotrophy
In an illustrative mosquito experiment, individuals begin as larvae and later become pupae. A fraction of 1 means all are larvae; 0 means none remain larvae. Which conclusion follows from the graph? A. Development is faster at pH 6.5 than at pH 8.5 B. Every…
Which pairing correctly identifies the external energy sources of two autotrophic nutritional modes? A. Photoautotroph: light; chemoautotroph: oxidation of inorganic substances B. Photoautotroph: prey tissue; chemoautotroph: sunlight C. Both: oxidation of…
Two protist species each grow well alone on the same limited food source. When cultured together, their populations change as shown. Which interpretation is best supported? A. Species Q consumes every individual of P B. Interspecific competition allows P to…
A northern-hemisphere carbon-dioxide record has a seasonal rise during winter. Which change can help explain that rise? A. Less combustion everywhere B. Reduced photosynthetic uptake by vegetation C. Complete cessation of microbial respiration D. Greater…
Which statement correctly distinguishes two sources of heritable variation? A. Mutation can generate new alleles, whereas sexual reproduction reshuffles alleles into new combinations B. Fertilisation prevents offspring from differing genetically C. Meiosis…
Which consequence of warming creates a reinforcing climate feedback? A. Ice loss exposes darker surfaces that absorb more sunlight B. Ice loss makes every surface more reflective C. Thawing permafrost permanently traps all methane D. Ocean warming always halts…
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