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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuThree claims are made about viruses. I. Every virus has an RNA genome. II. Viral particles carry a nucleic acid genome. III. Viruses lack the independent cellular metabolism required for living organisms. Which claims apply to all viruses? A. I and II B. II…
Three model fatty acids have equal carbon-chain lengths but differ in saturation or double-bond geometry. Which structure best explains the high melting point of X? A. Several cis carbon–carbon double bonds interrupt its chain B. Its carbon chain contains no…
The model joins three amino acids. Which statements about its product are correct? I. Peptide linkages connect its residues. II. Adding water to break bonds produced the chain. III. Its side chains need not all have the same structure. A. I and III only B. II…
A leaf extract is separated by chromatography. Which band has the greatest retention factor (Rf) in this run? A. The yellow-green band B. The blue-green band C. The orange band D. The yellow band
Which process is an example of catabolism? A. Joining glucose units into a storage polymer B. Assembling a protein from free amino acids C. Breaking a fatty acid into smaller molecules during respiration D. Producing an RNA chain from nucleotides
The same DNA region is sequenced before and after replication. Original: ACGTCCATGATC Replicated: ACGTTCATGATC Which change is present? A. One base has been replaced while sequence length stays constant B. One extra triplet has been inserted C. One nucleotide…
DNA fragments migrate from the wells through the gel. Which labelled migration distance corresponds to the longest fragments? A. A B. B C. C D. D
A typical yeast cell belongs to the fungi. Which combination describes its structures? A. Cell wall and nucleus present; chloroplast absent B. Cell wall absent; nucleus and chloroplast present C. Nucleus absent; chloroplast present D. Cell wall, nucleus and…
Which structure is a functional cell organelle? A. The cellulose wall outside a plant cell B. A ribosome assembling a polypeptide C. The fluid cytosol as a whole D. A single actin filament in the cytoskeleton
A spherical cell grows while keeping its shape and the same membrane permeability. How do surface-area-to-volume ratio and exchange capacity per unit cell volume change? A. Both increase B. The ratio increases but exchange capacity per unit volume decreases C.…
An action potential reaches a chemical synapse. Which immediate ion movement follows depolarization of the presynaptic membrane? A. Calcium enters through voltage-gated channels B. Calcium is expelled through newly opened channels C. Chloride is permanently…
A developing animal cell divides its cytoplasm very unevenly, leaving almost all of it in one product. Which process normally includes this pattern? A. Production of two equivalent daughter skin cells B. Binary fission of an intestinal bacterium C. Formation…
A red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) occupy the same meadow. Which grouping necessarily includes both organisms there? A. One species B. One population C. One genus D. One ecological community
Other conditions remaining similar, which pair of changes would lower a leaf’s transpiration rate? A. Warmer air and lower humidity B. More humid air and lower temperature C. Drier air and faster wind D. Higher temperature and a stronger water-vapour gradient
The schematic shows a cross-section of a broadleaf plant. Which label indicates the region that carries water and assimilates along the leaf? A. Region A B. Region B C. Region C D. Region D
After an immune response has been activated, which cells secrete large amounts of specific antibody? A. Plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes B. Erythrocytes carrying oxygen C. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes killing infected cells D. Platelets initiating clotting
Which cells carry the final nervous signal from the central nervous system to contract a skeletal muscle during withdrawal of a limb? A. Retinal receptor cells B. Spinal interneurons only C. Motor neurons with terminals on muscle fibres D. Glial cells forming…
A viral infection passes from an infected bat to a person. Which feature makes this event an example of zoonotic transmission? A. A pathogen crosses from a non-human animal into a human host B. The pathogen can survive in every animal species C. The disease…
Consider a normal diploid human skin cell in G1, before its DNA is replicated. How many copies of a particular autosomal gene does it normally possess? A. One copy in total B. Two copies, one on each homologous chromosome C. Twenty-three copies, one per…
Seedling heights are summarized below. What does X represent, and what type of variable is height? A. The full range of a discrete count B. The interquartile range of a continuous measurement C. The mean of a categorical variable D. The standard deviation of a…
Which pairing correctly describes the effects of insulin and glucagon? A. Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon promotes glucose release from the liver B. Insulin raises blood glucose; glucagon prevents all hepatic glucose release C. Both hormones always…
The limb plans below retain corresponding bones despite their different uses. Which kind of evidence for common ancestry do they illustrate? A. Analogy produced only by the same habitat B. Unrelated structures that happen to perform identical functions C.…
Which conclusion best matches broad estimates of global species richness through evolutionary history? A. Discovery of new species stopped once genome sequencing became available B. The present contains a very high total diversity, probably exceeding earlier…
A region is warm throughout the year, receives frequent heavy rain and supports very high species diversity despite heavily leached soils. Which biome fits? A. Arctic tundra B. Tropical rainforest C. Boreal coniferous forest D. Cold desert
A bacterium grows using oxygen when it is available but can also grow through anaerobic metabolism. How is it classified? A. An obligate aerobe B. A facultative anaerobe C. An obligate anaerobe D. An organism that cannot respire
In a lichen, a fungus provides a protected setting and mineral access, while its photosynthetic partner supplies organic compounds. How is this interaction classified? A. Competition within one species B. Mutualism between different species C. Parasitism…
A model plant releases a compound that suppresses germination of neighbouring species. Which term describes this chemical effect on competitors? A. Allelopathy B. Intraspecific courtship C. Mutualistic pollination D. Pathogenic infection by a virus
The model population settles near 220 individuals during the final weeks. What does this late plateau represent? A. Exponential growth sustained by unlimited resources B. A carrying capacity constrained by available resources C. A population that has stopped…
Runoff rich in nitrate enters a small pond and stimulates eutrophication. Which pair of changes is expected during the developing algal bloom and subsequent decay? A. Less algal biomass and lower microbial oxygen demand B. More algal biomass and greater…
Which event creates different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes among gametes? A. Copying a chromosome before an ordinary mitotic division B. Equal partition of cytoplasm in a skin cell C. Independent orientation of homologous chromosome pairs…
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