Zadanie 7, Paper 2, listopad 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB SL
Wzorowane na: Biology SL Paper 2, November 2023, TZ2, pytanie 7. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Outline changes to atmospheric composition that living organisms have caused.
(b) Explain how natural selection changes a population.
(c) Explain how ventilation changes pressure inside the lungs.
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(a)
Photosynthesis increases atmospheric oxygen. ✔
Oxygen was produced by photosynthetic bacteria OR oxygen production began in the distant past. ✔
Aerobic respiration increases atmospheric carbon dioxide. ✔
Ruminants or methanogenic microorganisms release methane. ✔
Methane can be generated under anaerobic conditions, such as waterlogged soils. ✔
Carbon can be removed from atmospheric circulation through carbonate deposition, such as limestone or coral skeletons. ✔
Human activities change atmospheric composition: fossil-fuel combustion or deforestation increases carbon dioxide OR expanded livestock farming increases methane OR industrial activities release sulfur or nitrogen oxides. Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases; the sulfur/nitrogen oxide alternative concerns atmospheric composition more broadly. ✔
(b)
Individuals vary. ✔
Mutation or sexual reproduction generates variation. ✔
More offspring are produced than available resources can support, creating competition. ✔
Environmental change can alter selection pressures or increase competition. ✔
Better-adapted individuals are more likely to survive. ✔
Variants improving escape from predators, disease resistance or access to food can be advantageous. ✔
Survivors are more likely to breed or leave more offspring. ✔
Heritable variants are passed to offspring. ✔
Advantageous alleles or traits become more frequent over generations. ✔
(c)
Contraction or relaxation of respiratory muscles changes thoracic volume. ✔
The volume change produces a pressure change. ✔
Greater lung or thoracic volume lowers pressure OR smaller volume raises it. ✔
Contraction of external intercostals lowers pressure. ✔
Diaphragm contraction lowers pressure. ✔
Contraction of abdominal muscles or internal intercostals raises pressure during forced expiration. ✔
Quality of communication: Clear on first reading, concise and without unnecessary repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part(a): any4 points, maximum4. Part(b): any7 points, maximum7. Part(c): any4 points, maximum4. Award1 independent communication mark for the full response. Maximum16. Scientifically equivalent wording and annotated diagrams may earn corresponding points.