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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuA river otter swims efficiently through water. Which feature most directly reduces resistance associated with water’s viscosity? A. A high oxygen affinity of haemoglobin B. A smoothly tapered body outline C. A waterproof retinal surface D. Sharp cusps on its…
In a model replication of a phage-labelling investigation, bacterial pellets contain84% of the detected phosphorus label but only9% of the sulfur label after infection and removal of external phage coats. Which inference is supported? A. Most viral protein…
Which labelled structure is a phospholipid? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure D D. Structure C
Which substance–route pairing correctly describes movement through a cell membrane? A. Testosterone — directly through the lipid bilayer B. Starch — through an aquaporin C. A sodium ion — freely through the hydrophobic core D. A large antibody — through a…
Temperature and substrate concentration are held constant. Which sketch best represents the typical effect of pH on an enzyme whose optimum lies within the plotted range? A. Sketch A B. Sketch B C. Sketch C D. Sketch D
The sealed chamber contains respiring seeds above a carbon-dioxide absorbent. Temperature and atmospheric pressure remain constant. Which movement is expected for the liquid marker? A. Away from the chamber because oxygen is released B. No movement because…
During one turn of the citric-acid cycle, which event occurs? A. Two carbon atoms are removed in separate carbon-dioxide-releasing steps B. NADH supplies all electrons needed to reduce citrate C. A six-carbon acceptor joins a four-carbon acetyl group D. ATP…
Which statement correctly describes the light-dependent reactions in a chloroplast? A. Water splitting supplies electrons directly to photosystem I B. ATP synthase is embedded only in the outer envelope C. NADPH is oxidized as the principal product-forming…
DNA fragments begin in wells near the negative electrode of the gel shown. Which fragment would move farthest towards the positive electrode during the same run? A. 7 kb, positively charged B. 3 kb, negatively charged C. 9 kb, negatively charged D. 1 kb,…
Which row demonstrates degeneracy of the genetic code? Row | mRNA codons | Encoded amino acids P | AAA GCU AAA | Lys–Ala–Lys Q | AUG UGG GAA | Met–Trp–Glu R | UCU GGA UCC | Ser–Gly–Ser S | UAC GAC AAC | Tyr–Asp–Asn A. P B. Q C. R D. S
A copied DNA segment changes from GATCCGTAAGC to GATCTGTAAGC. Which mutation class describes this change? A. Deletion B. Insertion C. Whole-genome duplication D. Base substitution
A virus can make new particles only after entering a suitable living host cell. How is this dependence classified? A. Obligate intracellular parasitism B. Facultative saprotrophy C. Photoautotrophy D. Free-living predation
A membrane protein hydrolyses ATP while transporting calcium from low concentration to high concentration. What type of protein is it? A. An adhesion glycoprotein B. A water channel C. An active-transport pump D. A passive calcium pore
Which pairing correctly describes how two neuronal channels are opened? A. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: voltage; action-potential potassium channel: acetylcholine B. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: acetylcholine binding; action-potential potassium…
Which organelle–function statement is correct? A. Golgi cisternae use attached ribosomes to translate exported proteins B. The nuclear envelope exists primarily to generate secretory vesicles C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the main site of fatty-acid…
A bacterial population accumulates a secreted signal as cell density rises. Once a threshold is reached, many cells activate light production together. Which process is illustrated? A. Quorum sensing B. Incomplete dominance C. Photoperiodic flowering D.…
Which pointer identifies a dendrite? A. Q B. S C. P D. R
A plant cell has water potential−0.38 MPa and pressure potential+0.27 MPa. Using Ψw = Ψs + Ψp, calculate its solute potential. A. −0.11 MPa B. +0.65 MPa C. +0.11 MPa D. −0.65 MPa
The names of four mammals are shown. Which pair belongs to the same genus? P: Panthera pardus Q: Neofelis nebulosa R: Panthera onca S: Leopardus pardalis A. P and R B. Q and S C. P and S D. R and S
Which outlined region contains a common ancestor together with every descendant of that ancestor? A. Region P B. Region R C. Region S D. Region Q
What change would shift the haemoglobin curve from P to Q? A. Less carbon dioxide and lower pH B. More carbon dioxide and higher pH C. More carbon dioxide and lower pH D. Less carbon dioxide and higher pH
Which phloem feature assists transfer between a companion cell and its associated sieve-tube element? A. A thick impermeable wax layer between them B. Numerous plasmodesmata connecting their cytoplasm C. A mature sieve-tube element packed with nuclei D. Closed…
A person withdraws a hand from a sharp object. Which structure acts as the effector in this reflex? A. A pain receptor in the skin B. A relay neuron in the spinal cord C. A sensory neuron axon D. A contracting skeletal muscle
The shoot changes shape under one-sided illumination. Which set of processes can explain the response? I. Polar positioning of auxin-export proteins redistributes auxin. II. Auxin stimulates proton secretion into the wall. III. Wall acidification permits…
What is a major role of a helper T lymphocyte during an adaptive immune response? A. Activating other immune cells through signalling B. Secreting the bulk of circulating antibody directly C. Engulfing every extracellular pathogen by phagocytosis D. Producing…
Which sequence summarizes the main stages leading from germ-line precursors to differentiated gametes? A. Differentiation → meiosis → growth → mitosis B. Mitosis → growth → meiosis → differentiation C. Meiosis → mitosis → differentiation → growth D. Growth →…
The pedigree concerns an X-linked recessive condition. Let XN be the unaffected allele and Xn the condition-associated allele. Which genotype or genotypes are possible for Z? A. XnXn only B. XNXn only C. XNXN or XNXn D. XNXN or…
A double heterozygote is test-crossed with a double recessive. The offspring are: dominant for both traits38; first trait only42; second trait only41; recessive for both39. Which interpretation is best supported? A. Both alleles are codominant at each locus B.…
The graph models exercise interrupted by rest at minutes30–50 and80–100. Which response can contribute to the temperature falls during rest? A. Contraction of skeletal muscles in shivering B. Increased blood flow through vessels near the skin surface C.…
Which observations provide evidence for evolutionary change? I. A shared underlying forelimb bone pattern in bats and whales. II. Heritable changes produced by selective breeding of crop plants. III. The claim that every acquired bodily change is automatically…
Which intervention is most likely to reduce biodiversity loss in a degraded native habitat? A. Increasing fragmentation by adding roads B. Replacing native vegetation with one introduced tree species C. Removing protected-area restrictions on habitat clearance…
Which description correctly characterizes holozoic nutrition? A. Autotrophic, with external digestion B. Heterotrophic, with internal digestion C. Saprotrophic, with only extracellular digestion outside the body D. Photoautotrophic, without ingestion
A fungal partner forms an association with the roots of a photosynthetic woodland plant. What benefit does the fungal network commonly supply? A. Conversion of sunlight into sugar for the plant B. Production of a protective animal skeleton C. Improved uptake…
Which pair can each occupy the tertiary-consumer level in at least one chain shown? A. Geese and mussels B. Ducks and eagles C. Zooplankton and small fish D. Algae and large fish
Selection favours two contrasting trait extremes while intermediates leave fewer offspring. What is a likely result? A. Immediate disappearance of all genetic variation B. Stabilization around the original intermediate mean C. Increased phenotypic and…
A newly exposed lava surface begins with no soil and is protected from development. Which long-term change is most plausible? A. Primary succession builds soil and allows progressively larger vegetation to establish B. Secondary succession begins with an…
The two schematic maps show predicted changes in winter-temperature zones for the same northern-hemisphere region. What shift in tree distributions is most likely if other requirements remain suitable? A. Every tree species remains restricted to its current…
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