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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuThree claims are made about viruses. I. Every virus is enclosed by a lipid envelope. II. Viral particles carry a nucleic acid genome. III. Viruses lack the independent cellular metabolism required for living organisms. Which claims apply to all viruses? A. I…
A short section of a nucleic acid is represented below. Which component is indicated by X? A. A five-carbon sugar B. A peptide linkage C. A phosphate group D. A nitrogen-containing base
Which model correctly places the partial charges within an isolated water molecule? A. Model A B. Model B C. Model C D. Model D
The ring framework of a signalling molecule is shown. Which description best predicts its behaviour at a cell membrane? A. It is a steroid with a largely non-polar framework that can cross the bilayer B. It is a polysaccharide whose rings require a sodium…
This diagram represents serine. Which labelled group occupies the variable side-chain position when different amino acids are compared? A. Group A B. Group B C. Group C D. Group D
A soluble enzyme from a mesophilic organism is tested from near freezing to temperatures that denature it. Substrate is abundant. Which graph best represents its initial activity across this range? A. Graph A B. Graph B C. Graph C D. Graph D
A leaf extract is separated by chromatography. Which band has the greatest retention factor (Rf) in this run? A. The yellow-green band B. The blue-green band C. The orange band D. The yellow band
Statins are used to reduce the synthesis of cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Which account identifies their inhibition mechanism and binding location? A. Irreversible inhibition through destruction of the enzyme B. Competitive inhibition through…
A cell repeatedly consumes and regenerates ATP while transporting ions. Which description fits the molecule being cycled? A. A long-term lipid reserve broken down only during starvation B. A structural polysaccharide storing information in its branches C. A…
A candidate gene may be required for yeast cells to use a particular sugar. Which technique would most directly test its function? A. Measure the total mass of extracted DNA B. Increase the number of copies of a nearby non-coding fragment by PCR C. Determine…
The same DNA region is sequenced before and after replication. Original: ACGTCCATGATC Replicated: ACGTTCATGATC Which change is present? A. One base has been replaced while sequence length stays constant B. One extra triplet has been inserted C. One nucleotide…
An early genetic system would need both information storage and reactions that use that information. Which observation strengthens the RNA-first hypothesis? A. Every RNA molecule forms a permanent double helix B. Ribose is absent from living cells C. RNA…
A reconstruction of the classic Miller–Urey apparatus passes a reducing gas mixture over heated water. Which mixture matches the original experiment? A. Methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapour B. Methane, nitrogen, oxygen and water vapour C. Carbon…
Which cells have the developmental potential to generate both an embryo and its supporting extra-embryonic tissues? A. Stem cells restricted to replacing intestinal epithelium B. Cells from the earliest cleavage stages of an animal embryo C. Blood-forming stem…
A mutation prevents clathrin from assembling at the cytoplasmic surface of a membrane. Which process is most directly affected? A. Pairing of bases during chromosome replication B. Translation of mitochondrial genes C. Budding of coated transport vesicles D.…
A pancreatic beta cell makes a polypeptide destined for insulin secretion. Where is the chain synthesized, and which bonds connect its amino acids? A. On Golgi membranes; ester bonds B. On ribosomes attached to rough ER; peptide bonds C. In lysosomes; hydrogen…
The trace shows an action potential in an axon. What is the state of the voltage-gated channels at X? Treat an inactivated sodium channel as closed to ion flow. A. Potassium channels conduct; sodium channels do not conduct B. Sodium channels conduct; potassium…
Consider three possible chemical signals in an animal. I. A cytokine released by an immune cell II. A pulse of cytosolic calcium ions III. A neurotransmitter released at a synapse Which can convey information in cell signalling? A. I only B. II and III only C.…
Flaccid celery cells are transferred to a dilute solution whose solute concentration is lower than that of the cell contents. Their walls remain intact. Which initial response is expected? A. Water leaves and pressure potential rises B. Water enters and…
A developing animal cell divides its cytoplasm very unevenly, leaving almost all of it in one product. Which process normally includes this pattern? A. Production of two equivalent daughter skin cells B. Binary fission of an intestinal bacterium C. Formation…
A red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) occupy the same meadow. Which grouping necessarily includes both organisms there? A. One species B. One population C. One genus D. One ecological community
The schematic shows a cross-section of a broadleaf plant. Which label indicates the region that carries water and assimilates along the leaf? A. Region A B. Region B C. Region C D. Region D
After a sarcomere is extended, which action is helped by titin? A. Hydrolysis of all actin monomers B. Release of acetylcholine into the motor end plate C. Permanent locking of neighbouring sarcomeres D. Elastic return towards its resting length
The simplified hip-joint diagram labels two bones and a band connecting them. Which identification is correct? A. X is the femur; Y is a tendon; Z is the pelvis B. X is the pelvis; Y is a ligament; Z is the femur C. X is the pelvis; Y is a muscle belly; Z is…
A model tomato crop progresses from hard green fruit through a pale orange stage to soft red fruit. Which pattern of ethylene release and feedback is expected during rapid ripening? A. Falling ethylene with a self-amplifying loop B. Rising ethylene with a…
Which cells carry the final nervous signal from the central nervous system to contract a skeletal muscle during withdrawal of a limb? A. Retinal receptor cells B. Spinal interneurons only C. Motor neurons with terminals on muscle fibres D. Glial cells forming…
A viral infection passes from an infected bat to a person. Which feature makes this event an example of zoonotic transmission? A. A pathogen crosses from a non-human animal into a human host B. The pathogen can survive in every animal species C. The disease…
Which hormonal pattern promotes the onset of childbirth in the guide-level model of labour? A. Oxytocin falls and progesterone rises B. Both oxytocin and progesterone rise without limit C. Oxytocin rises while progesterone falls D. Both oxytocin and…
A testicular germ-cell lineage produces mature sperm. Which order correctly summarizes the main stages? A. Differentiation, meiosis I, mitotic multiplication B. Mitotic multiplication, meiosis I and II, differentiation C. Meiosis II, mitotic multiplication,…
Which human trait is an example of a phenotype influenced by many genes? A. ABO blood-group class B. Red-green colour blindness from a single X-linked allele C. Adult height D. Phenylketonuria caused by two recessive PAH alleles
A person becomes too warm during light exercise. Which coordinated response tends to restore normal core temperature? A. Less sweating, narrower skin arterioles and greater brown-fat heat production B. More sweating, narrower skin arterioles and greater…
A urine test strip is designed to detect the hormone released following early embryo implantation. Which target makes it useful as a pregnancy test? A. Human chorionic gonadotropin B. Progesterone alone C. Oestradiol alone D. Prolactin
The limb plans below retain corresponding bones despite their different uses. Which kind of evidence for common ancestry do they illustrate? A. Analogy produced only by the same habitat B. Unrelated structures that happen to perform identical functions C.…
Which conclusion best matches broad estimates of global species richness through evolutionary history? A. Discovery of new species stopped once genome sequencing became available B. The present contains a very high total diversity, probably exceeding earlier…
A warm-water reef experiences three sustained changes. I. More suspended sediment reduces light penetration. II. Seawater becomes more acidic. III. Summer water temperatures exceed the local normal range. Which changes could inhibit reef building? A. I and III…
In a lichen, a fungus provides a protected setting and mineral access, while its photosynthetic partner supplies organic compounds. How is this interaction classified? A. Competition within one species B. Mutualism between different species C. Parasitism…
A regenerating woodland is accumulating carbon in living biomass. Which process initially transfers atmospheric carbon into this carbon sink? A. Release of carbon dioxide during respiration B. Oxidation of fallen wood by decomposers C. Combustion of dry…
Seed width is heritable in a plant population. The curves summarize a change across many generations. Which explanation is consistent with the pattern? A. Stabilizing selection favours only intermediate seeds B. Directional selection favours one extreme and…
Runoff rich in nitrate enters a small pond and stimulates eutrophication. Which pair of changes is expected during the developing algal bloom and subsequent decay? A. Less algal biomass and lower microbial oxygen demand B. More algal biomass and greater…
Which event creates different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes among gametes? A. Copying a chromosome before an ordinary mitotic division B. Equal partition of cytoplasm in a skin cell C. Independent orientation of homologous chromosome pairs…
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