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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuA small insect rests on a pond with its feet making slight depressions in the surface. Which molecular interaction primarily supports the surface film? A. Covalent bonds form between the water and the insect cuticle B. Hydrogen bonds attract neighbouring water…
Two double-stranded DNA samples give these approximate base percentages. Which values best fit X and Y? A. X = 30.6; Y = 23.8 B. X = 38.8; Y = 52.4 C. X = 19.4; Y = 26.2 D. X = 25.0; Y = 25.0
A student obtains all dietary protein from plants. Which statement about the student’s amino acid supply is correct? A. Human cells can synthesize some amino acids by modifying other organic molecules B. Every amino acid must be taken unchanged from an animal…
Two fatty acids are represented by condensed structural formulae; the double bond in Q is cis. P: CH3(CH2)14COOH Q: CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Which comparison is most likely? A. Q packs more tightly because its cis bond…
Which account describes induced fit when an enzyme encounters its substrate? A. The substrate is permanently fixed in space before any enzyme can approach B. Binding changes the shape of the active site and can strain the substrate towards reaction C. The…
Four 300 g portions of the same yeast dough begin at the same volume and incubate for 50 minutes. The final volumes are shown. Which conclusion is supported? A. Every yeast enzyme must have an optimum of 37 °C B. The lowest temperature caused the greatest…
The scheme summarizes the Calvin cycle. How many molecules of three-carbon glycerate phosphate (3-PGA) must enter its reduction stage to yield one six-carbon sugar while also regenerating all the carbon acceptor? A. 3 B. 6 C. 10 D. 12
Three pigment absorption spectra from a model green leaf are shown. Which deduction is supported? A. Red illumination near 666 nm can supply energy for oxygen-producing photosynthesis B. The leaf must absorb every wavelength equally C. Green illumination near…
A thermocycler repeats DNA strand separation, primer binding and strand extension. Which change correctly connects the primer-binding and extension stages? A. The temperature rises from the annealing range towards the polymerase’s extension temperature B. The…
Which schematic represents a typical mature eukaryotic messenger RNA after processing? A. Schematic A B. Schematic B C. Schematic C D. Schematic D
A guide RNA positions Cas9 at a chosen genomic sequence. What is the direct catalytic action of Cas9? A. Joining amino acids at a ribosome B. Methylating every cytosine in the genome C. Cleaving the targeted DNA strands D. Copying the guide RNA into a whole…
Which feature explains why a virus particle is not considered an independently living cell? A. It has no autonomous metabolism B. It contains no inherited information C. It cannot change through evolution D. Its genome can never be copied
Descendants of a single-celled alga remain attached after division and form a coordinated multicellular body. Consider these claims. I. Division of labour can develop between its cells. II. The body can be larger than one cell. III. The cells must now belong…
Which evidence is most relevant when reconstructing a possible hydrothermal-vent setting for LUCA? A. A living individual has been certified as the unchanged LUCA B. Molecular comparisons reveal shared ancient sequences among prokaryotic lineages adapted to…
A membrane contains aquaporin proteins. What role do they perform? A. They hydrolyse ATP to pump water against its potential gradient B. They attach water covalently to phospholipid tails C. They act only on the external membrane surface D. They provide…
Which outcome is consistent with the developmental potential of an embryonic pluripotent stem cell? A. It can form only one already specialized blood-cell type B. It must make an entire placenta as well as every embryonic tissue C. It can generate many…
Adrenaline binds the membrane receptor shown in a cardiac cell. Which sequence can produce an intracellular response? A. Adrenaline crosses the membrane and is converted directly into ATP B. The G protein copies the receptor gene into cyclic DNA C. Receptor…
The schematic cross-section shows axons surrounded by concentric membrane layers. What function is associated with structure X? A. It provides insulation that permits faster impulse conduction along the axon B. It synthesizes neurotransmitter receptors in…
Which event is shared by mitotic and meiotic nuclear division? A. Homologous chromosomes must pair as bivalents in both B. The chromosome number is halved in both C. Chromatin becomes more condensed through DNA packaging with histones D. DNA is replicated…
Erythrocytes are placed in a strongly hypertonic solution of an effectively non-penetrating solute. What is expected initially? A. They lose water and shrink B. They gain water until they lyse C. They increase their mass by synthesizing a cell wall D. All…
Researchers filter stream water and identify environmental DNA sequences. Which advantage can this offer over a visual survey? A. It proves the precise age of every organism present B. It can reveal an elusive species even when no individual is seen C. It…
Which tree represents the three-domain classification supported by ribosomal RNA comparisons? A. Tree A B. Tree B C. Tree C D. Tree D
A volunteer takes a deep breath within the ventilation trace. Which muscle pattern occurs at T? A. Diaphragm relaxes while both intercostal groups contract B. Diaphragm contracts and external intercostals contract while internal intercostals relax C. Diaphragm…
Identify the three proteins indicated in this original sarcomere model. A. P: myosin; Q: actin; R: collagen B. P: actin; Q: myosin; R: titin C. P: titin; Q: actin; R: myosin D. P: actin; Q: collagen; R: tubulin
Unripe pears soften sooner when enclosed with a ripe apple than when kept alone. Which explanation is most appropriate? A. The apple supplies auxin through a shared vascular bundle B. Oxygen from the apple directly creates new genes in the pears C. A gaseous…
For a vaccine-preventable viral infection, which measure most directly builds population immunity that can also protect susceptible individuals? A. Giving antibiotics to every uninfected person B. Immunizing a sufficiently large proportion of people with an…
A person normally sleeps from about 01:00 until 07:30. The 24-hour clock shows four positions. Around which position would melatonin normally be highest? A. A B. B C. C D. D
After fertilization, the first division of the human zygote normally takes place while it is in which labelled structure? A. Structure A B. Structure B C. Structure C D. Structure D
M carries an X-linked recessive haemophilia allele. N has no copy of that allele. What is the probability that the male T has haemophilia, disregarding new mutations? A. 100% B. 50% C. 0% D. 12.5%
Which renal mechanism helps conserve water when the body needs to produce concentrated urine? A. Active pumping of water molecules through aquaporins B. Removal of all solutes from the medulla C. Suppression of every nephron’s filtration for an entire day D.…
The diagram shows a change in skin arterioles following a change in environmental temperature. Which response is likely to accompany it? A. More sweat secreted to the skin surface B. Increased shivering activity in skeletal muscles C. Body hairs lying flatter…
The streamlined bodies of a shark and a dolphin evolved in separate vertebrate lineages. Which interpretation is correct? A. A similar aquatic demand has favoured convergent evolution of an analogous overall form B. The dolphin descended directly from the…
Which condition belongs to the environmental requirements of a typical tropical reef-building coral? A. An acidic freshwater lake B. Permanent darkness below the ocean’s lighted zone C. Seawater with an appropriate marine salinity D. Continuous freezing of the…
A new river channel separates a rodent population. Over many generations, the isolated populations diverge. Which explanation fits? A. Sympatric speciation because the populations remain separated by water B. Allopatric divergence with different selective…
In an isolated meadow, plants accumulate new biomass and herbivores use some of it for growth. Over the same area and time, which comparison of production rates is expected? A. Primary production exceeds secondary production because part of the consumed carbon…
In an established mycorrhizal association, fungal hyphae colonize a plant’s roots and obtain sugars produced by the plant. Which interaction is represented? A. Parasitism because the fungus receives carbon B. Competition because each partner must lose the same…
Which conditions can contribute to natural selection in a population? I. A habitat change that alters relative survival II. Inherited differences in a relevant trait III. Exactly equal reproductive success for every genotype in every generation Choose the…
A population of 2000 individuals is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at a two-allele locus. The recessive homozygote frequency is 9%. How many heterozygotes are expected? Use p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. A. 180 B. 420 C. 840 D. 980
A persistent pesticide occurs at the following concentrations along a feeding chain. Water contains 0.000004 ppm. Which inference best explains the pattern? A. A fish must eat exactly 4.29 zooplankton in its lifetime B. The pesticide is removed rapidly and…
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