Zadanie 1e
Suggest why the model includes both twice-reference and six-times-reference atmospheric CO₂ scenarios for 2090.
- Materiał graficzny
Evaluating biological evidence and methods
Justify conclusions using processed evidence and biological knowledge, assess uncertainty and methodological limitations, and explain practical improvements linked to identified weaknesses.
Tę umiejętność sprawdzają 142 zadania wzorowane na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
Zadania sprawdzające tę umiejętność: 142 Otwórz w wyszukiwarce z filtrami
Zadanie 1h
Using evidence from both graphs and the table, predict how rising atmospheric CO₂ could affect reef communities by 2090.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1a
Deduce, with a reason, whether the differences between fossil-layer mean densities are likely to be statistically significant.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1d
Suggest two reasons for the difference in stomatal density between shrubs in hotter and cooler habitats.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1g
Deduce whether the paired-density data support the hypothesis for the upper or lower epidermis in each grass group.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Predict how stomatal density may respond to rising atmospheric CO₂ and temperature, using evidence from any of the supplied datasets.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1c
In a model tumour-culture experiment, comparable tissue samples are randomly allocated to four treatments: neither compound, P alone, Q alone, or P with Q. After the same incubation period, mitotic indices are measured. Error bars represent standard…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1c
Deduce whether raising the P dose from 2 × 107 to 2 × 108 spores mL⁻¹ offers an advantage.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1e
Discuss whether weevils are more vulnerable to P or Q after 14 days.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1g
Compare and contrast mortality at the three times in the initially 20% and 60% infected groups.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Using all three models, discuss the suitability of these fungi as biological control agents for the pest.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2e
A second group instead compares each solution by eye with five reference dilutions labelled 1 (palest) to 5 (darkest). Suggest two advantages of a colorimeter over this visual scale.
Zadanie 3b
The Pearson correlation coefficient for these data is r = 0.884. Comment on the significance of this value.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 4d
Justify the conclusion that predator treatment affected the guppy population’s spotting pattern.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 6
Four 300 g portions of the same yeast dough begin at the same volume and incubate for 50 minutes. The final volumes are shown. Which conclusion is supported? A. Every yeast enzyme must have an optimum of 37 °C B. The lowest temperature caused the greatest…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1c
Suggest a reason for the control’s change in chlorophyll concentration.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1g
Discuss whether the percentage-composition chart demonstrates an increase in the population of species C since 1982.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1j
Using all three datasets, deduce with reasons whether water quality in the river may have changed between the survey years.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Justify the conclusion that birds can discover the mechanism without a demonstrator, but learners exposed to demonstrators generally become more proficient.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2d
Comment on how well the reliability of the results can be assessed.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1c
Suggest limitations of estimating the whole annual population only from nesting observations.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1e
Suggest a reason for variation in definite-injury percentages among species.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Evaluate the claim that vessels cause most turtle deaths in this region.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2b
Deduce whether method B is a reasonable substitute for method A from these summaries.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2c
Evaluate the design of this investigation.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 4b
Suggest why small clearings increased while large clearings declined after2001.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1d
Suggest why coating prey fur with predator scent might reduce attack risk.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1g
Suggest why a snake might avoid striking displaying prey.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1i
Discuss briefly whether bird chatter produces a statistically significant difference in vigilance immediately after the raptor call.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1j
Using both bar charts, analyse how bird chatter affects behaviour after the alarm.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 4c
Using the data, evaluate the claim that the purine:pyrimidine ratio is 1.00 in all organisms.
Zadanie 1c
Deduce which grass type supplies the mice’s food, supporting your answer with the biomass data.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1f
Suggest an advantage of measuring the volume occupied by plants instead of harvesting their biomass.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1i
Suggest a reason for a change in tussock-grass volume in the month-long experiment.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1k
Discuss the claim that these mice can change their habitat in ways that improve their survival, using the datasets.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1a
(i) Suggest a change at a lower trophic level that could reduce survival of these birds. (ii) Suggest how climate change could affect their survival.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1c
(i) Compare and contrast annual survival in species A and B across the 31 years. (ii) Suggest a reason why the species differ in survival.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1e
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in prey density from 1985 to 1991. (ii) Evaluate whether the record supports dependence of species B survival on prey density, referring to particular intervals.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1f
Suggest two explanations for the reported effects of wind conditions, and two for the reported effects of breeding-pair numbers, on eggs and chick survival.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1b
A constructed experiment exposes young barley roots to cadmium ions. The chart shows mean mitotic indices with SD. (i) State the relationship between cadmium concentration and mitotic index. (ii) Suggest a consequence for the plant.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 3b
Suggest why growth in the tanks exceeds growth in the field.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 3
Eighteen volunteers squeeze a force sensor as strongly as possible for seven minutes. The continuous curve is a model of their mean response. (i) State one participant variable that could influence the results. (ii) Suggest a reason for the curve’s shape.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 4b
Suggest an advantage of the quieter male strategy.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 4c
Suggest an evolutionary advantage of retaining both male forms in the population.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 9c
Outline how a viral vector can change a target cell genetically.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 9a
Four small model digesters contain equal volumes of water and organic waste. Manure is used alone or mixed with fruit waste, vegetable waste or grass. Temperature and pH are held constant. State one benefit of using biogas.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 10b
Explain possible causes of the decline in product concentration.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 10b
Bacteria are challenged with phages in intact or dispersed surface communities and as free cells. Error bars represent modelled ranges among replicate cultures. Suggest how properties of the surface communities could explain the survival pattern.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 15a
(i) Identify the most important predictor. (ii) Suggest one reason for its importance.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 15c
Suggest a reason for a decline in the bird population using the information given.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 16b
Suggest how regional warming may change the distribution of species S.
Zadanie 16d
Discuss benefits and risks of controlling disease-vector mosquitoes with DDT.
Zadanie 16b
A hypothetical introduced amphibian normally breeds near neutral pH. In its introduced range, breeding pools span pH4.3–9.8. A model laboratory study measures hatching and subsequent larval length at five pH values. The hatching bars include uncertainty…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 20a
A hypothetical outbreak of a waterborne intestinal infection produces the hospital-admission pattern shown. Suggest one reason for this age distribution.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 22b
A model study tests a hypothetical compound Z in children with mild phenylketonuria. A dose is given one hour after a protein-rich meal. Blood phenylalanine is measured before the meal, before the dose and three times afterwards. Evaluate the hypothesis that…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1e
Suggest how drainage that increases soil oxygen could improve remediation.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1i
Explain why the immersed leafy cuttings differ from the leafless control.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1j
Evaluate the use of trees for contaminant removal using the combined evidence.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1b
Deduce which support to use, giving a reason from the results.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2c
Deduce which tested concentration is most likely to be close to the isotonic concentration, giving a reason.
Zadanie 6
A hypothetical crossover experiment uses pupil-diameter change as a measure of response to rewards. Participants complete sessions with and without a dopamine-related treatment; session order is counterbalanced. Values are changes relative to no reward,…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 7
Substrate is supplied at the same concentration in all tests of a model enzyme. Which proposed mechanism is consistent with the results, although not proved by them? A. Z is required for all catalytic activity because the enzyme is inactive without it B.…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 7a
A hypothetical animal study pairs a tone with a gentle air puff that triggers blinking. Young and older animals experience a delay of500ms or800ms. Learning is measured as the percentage responding to the tone alone. Define learning by reflex conditioning.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 9b
(i) Evaluate raising the operating temperature from36 to38 degrees C. (ii) State another factor that may limit this batch culture.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 11b
Suggest two factors that could affect antibiotic action on this community.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 15b
Two conceptual models compare nutrient stores and flows in biomes. Deduce which nutrient store is represented by X, giving a reason.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 16b
Evaluate whether increasing pollinator richness could improve crop yield.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 22c
The investigators suggest that a higher body-mass index sometimes reflects muscle rather than fat. Discuss this suggestion using the results.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1b
Suggest reasons for the different seasonal patterns in boreal and low-latitude forest LAI.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1f
Outline one benefit of repeating the enrichment experiment at several locations.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1g
Evaluate the evidence in the bar chart that CO₂ enrichment increases carbon storage in young forests.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1c
Evaluate the reliability of the activity results.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1a
Suggest one reason for excluding HIV-infected children when estimating deaths attributable to R and S.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1d
Suggest reasons for the different patterns for R and S.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1f
Suggest reasons for the difference between the fractions attributed to R in all ARI cases and in antibiotic-treated cases.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1g
With no vaccination, the lower-middle-income category has more treated cases than either other category. Suggest one explanation.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2c
Explain the conclusions supported by the final observations.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2d
Deduce whether ultrasound pretreatment improves hydrolysis in this experiment.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 3a
Suggest why the reservoir needs a vented lid.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 3d
Explain how the two-balance apparatus distinguishes water uptake from water loss.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 4a
Comment on the claim that some complex skills are learned more readily early in life, using the data.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 6a
Describe how young birds would acquire their song under natural conditions.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 6b
The following year, offspring of exposed adults hear no playback, yet their songs closely resemble the third panel. Suggest what this indicates about learning.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 7a
Suggest why adults consume some very large prey but do not eat the intermediate-size prey.
Zadanie 8a
(i) Identify the relationship between migration distance and plumage darkness. (ii) Suggest two explanations for variation in plumage other than mate choice.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 10
Cut pear tissue normally darkens when oxygen is available because a polyphenol-oxidizing enzyme converts colourless compounds to pigments. A modified line shows no darkening under the same conditions. Suggest why the modified tissue does not darken.
Zadanie 10a
A microbial digester is supplied with a semi-liquid suspension of food-processing waste. Outline why this suspension is added.
Zadanie 11a
State one function that the extracellular polymeric material could perform.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 11b
Describe emergent properties of the mature community, excluding production of EPS.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 12
Two tissue samples are processed as shown. Outline why different synthetic dyes are attached to the two DNA samples.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 12a
Discuss whether the simulation supports the claim that detaching the matrix will help remove the biofilm.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 13
In this hypothetical cloning procedure, only the nucleus of a skin cell from P is transferred to an egg from Q whose nucleus has been removed. Q’s egg retains its cytoplasm and mitochondria. The embryo is then carried by R. Which DNA sources are expected? A.…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 16c
Discuss a possible benefit and a possible risk of introducing a biological control organism.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 18c
Suggest why maintaining globally sustainable fishing effort is difficult.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 18a
(i) State the relationship between DDE concentration and shell thickness. (ii) Suggest one reason why a colony with thinner shells could decline.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 18b
Deduce which colony would be expected to decline most, giving reasons.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 20b
Suggest why a high total cholesterol measurement alone may not determine a person’s CHD risk.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 20c
Suggest two factors other than elevation that could explain differences in leaf nitrogen.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Informacja do zadań 1 a-1 h. All values are constructed for a model investigation of mammalian metabolism. At steady state, a circulating metabolite enters the blood at the same rate as it is removed, so its concentration can remain stable despite continuous…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1d
Predict the result if fewer cycles are completed.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Informacja do zadań 1 a-1 h. All values are constructed for a model investigation of mammalian metabolism. At steady state, a circulating metabolite enters the blood at the same rate as it is removed, so its concentration can remain stable despite continuous…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1d
Predict the result if fewer cycles are completed.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2a
Explain why a standard-deviation error bar cannot be calculated from the single m2-with-salt observation.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2c
Evaluate the contribution of proteins1 and2 to salt tolerance using the results.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2a
Explain why a standard-deviation error bar cannot be calculated from the single m2-with-salt observation.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2c
Evaluate the contribution of proteins1 and2 to salt tolerance using the results.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 5b
Constructed MRI measurements compare eight primate species. Letters identify species ordered from lowest to highest body mass. Bars show means and standard deviations. Analyse the relationship between body mass and cerebellum volume.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 5b
Constructed MRI measurements compare eight primate species. Letters identify species ordered from lowest to highest body mass. Bars show means and standard deviations. Analyse the relationship between body mass and cerebellum volume.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 7
Two groups of migratory songbirds normally use different routes. In a constructed experiment, their eggs hatch in captivity and the young are reared without parental contact or exposure to migrating adults. During their first migratory season, each bird’s…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 7
Two groups of migratory songbirds normally use different routes. In a constructed experiment, their eggs hatch in captivity and the young are reared without parental contact or exposure to migrating adults. During their first migratory season, each bird’s…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 16c
Predict the likely effects of (i) removing mussels on sea stars, and (ii) removing barnacles on the community.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 16c
Predict the likely effects of (i) removing mussels on sea stars, and (ii) removing barnacles on the community.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 17b
Outline how indicator organisms such as stoneflies can be used to assess water quality.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 17b
Outline how indicator organisms such as stoneflies can be used to assess water quality.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 19b
Outline why phosphate availability might limit agriculture in the future.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 19b
Outline why phosphate availability might limit agriculture in the future.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 22
Liver cells (hepatocytes) exchange substances with blood in adjacent sinusoids. Some substances are detoxified inside the cells before the resulting products are transported elsewhere. Draw arrows showing (i) the movement of oxygen to a hepatocyte, and (ii)…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 22
Liver cells (hepatocytes) exchange substances with blood in adjacent sinusoids. Some substances are detoxified inside the cells before the resulting products are transported elsewhere. Draw arrows showing (i) the movement of oxygen to a hepatocyte, and (ii)…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 24a
Suggest one reason why the proportion of coronary heart disease could differ between these groups.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 24a
Suggest one reason why the proportion of coronary heart disease could differ between these groups.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Suggest how the R and F graph might differ for a human undergoing prolonged inactivity and bone loss.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1j
Evaluate the evidence for the hypothesis that a rise in hormone H causes peptide P to increase.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1k
Discuss how helpful these model studies could be for understanding bone loss in humans.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1b
Suggest one advantage that microbial root inoculation could have over repeated selective breeding for drought resistance.
Zadanie 2b
Outline why a short interval could give a misleading impression of long-term climate change.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 3d
The calculated chi-squared value is 0.111; the critical value is 3.84. Explain the conclusion.
Zadanie 4
Two nutrient-broth cultures are held in identical open swan-neck flasks that admit air but trap airborne particles. Broth in P is boiled first; broth in Q is not. After six days P remains clear while Q contains many microorganisms. Which conclusion is…
Zadanie 5
An enzyme is tested only at pH 6.5. What can be predicted about its activity if the temperature series is repeated at pH 7.5? A. Every rate must double B. The optimum temperature must become 10°C higher C. The supplied results do not establish the pH response…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 9
At 320 µL L⁻¹ CO₂ on the low-illumination curve, which factor is shown to limit the rate? Temperature is held constant. A. Carbon dioxide alone, because adding more immediately increases that curve B. Light availability, because stronger illumination increases…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 10
The following rounded gene counts are illustrative estimates. Which interpretation is justified? Organism | Approximate gene count Bacterium | 4100 Yeast | 6100 Nematode | 20000 Mouse | 22000 Flowering plant | 31000 Human | 21000 A. The plant must produce…
Zadanie 15
The table gives rounded values for a constructed atmosphere scenario. Which gas makes the largest modelled contribution to warming? Gas | Concentration / ppm | Approximate persistence / years | Modelled warming contribution / relative units Carbon dioxide |…
Zadanie 1c
Suggest a reason for using BCH rather than brain mass in a repeated study of the same animals.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1f
Suggest a reason for the seasonal difference in BCH between summer and winter.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1h
Suggest reasons for the seasonal difference in time spent eating and drinking.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1j
Outline a reason for standardizing the travelled distance.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1l
Using all the data, suggest why mean standardized paths differ between summer and winter.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 3
In a model investigation, lipids extracted from membranes are spread as a single molecular layer. The areas are shown. Which arrangement best accounts for the result and the contact of both membrane surfaces with water? Circles represent polar heads and paired…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 3a
Analyse whether the graphs support the claim that changing solar energy explains the long-term rise in surface temperature.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 4d
Explain the role of K in expression of the gene for enzyme E.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 6
Three microbial amylases are compared using equal enzyme concentrations at the same temperature. Which conclusion follows from these constructed results? A. Q has the highest optimum pH B. P has its highest measured rate at pH 7 C. R is inactive at every…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 8
Which conclusion is supported by these action spectra? A. Neither sample photosynthesizes at 530 nm B. P has a higher rate than Q at every red wavelength C. Q has the higher rate around 530–560 nm D. The results establish both rates at 800 nm
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 29
An enzyme converts substrate S into product. Two molecules, P and Q, resemble the binding features of S and compete for its active site. At the same substrate concentration, P requires a concentration of 8 mmol L⁻¹ to halve the rate, while Q requires 0.04 mmol…