Zadanie 1a, Paper 2, maj 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB HL

All numerical results below are constructed for a hypothetical investigation of childhood immunization. Bacteria R and S can cause acute respiratory infection (ARI). The study excludes HIV-infected children when attributing deaths to these pathogens.

The first chart follows eight vaccine programmes (C and C2 are first- and second-dose programmes for the same pathogen) in the first year of life. R and S label vaccines against the corresponding model bacteria.

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A separate 16-year dataset compares deaths among children younger than five with percentages not immunized against R or S. Each panel uses a left-hand scale for deaths and a right-hand scale for non-immunization.

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A further analysis estimates the fraction of ARI cases attributable to R, both among all cases and among the subset treated with antibiotics. The age groups overlap: the older group is included in the all-under-five group. Each violin shows an estimate distribution, its median and a 95% confidence interval.

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The final chart estimates annual antibiotic-treated ARI cases across three income categories under no vaccination, current coverage and universal vaccination against R. The three income categories together form the combined group.

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