Zadanie 1c, Paper 2, maj 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2023, TZ2, pytanie 1(c). Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Wspólne informacje do wiązki zadań
All numerical results below are constructed for a hypothetical investigation of childhood immunization. Bacteria R and S can cause acute respiratory infection (ARI). The study excludes HIV-infected children when attributing deaths to these pathogens.
The first chart follows eight vaccine programmes (C and C2 are first- and second-dose programmes for the same pathogen) in the first year of life. R and S label vaccines against the corresponding model bacteria.
A separate 16-year dataset compares deaths among children younger than five with percentages not immunized against R or S. Each panel uses a left-hand scale for deaths and a right-hand scale for non-immunization.
A further analysis estimates the fraction of ARI cases attributable to R, both among all cases and among the subset treated with antibiotics. The age groups overlap: the older group is included in the all-under-five group. Each violin shows an estimate distribution, its median and a 95% confidence interval.
The final chart estimates annual antibiotic-treated ARI cases across three income categories under no vaccination, current coverage and universal vaccination against R. The three income categories together form the combined group.
Polecenie
Outline conclusions from the panel for bacterium R.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
Both deaths and the percentage not immunized decrease with time. ✔
Deaths are positively associated with non-immunization OR negatively associated with vaccination coverage; the graph supports a protective association. ✔
Deaths decline more rapidly after about year 10. ✔
Substantial numbers of deaths or unvaccinated children remain in year 16. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Award any 2 of the listed points; maximum 2 marks. State comparisons, not only raw values. Do not claim direct proportionality or proven causation from the association alone.