Zadanie 8, Paper 2, maj 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2023, TZ2, pytanie 8. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Outline how fruit-fly crosses can investigate inheritance and what such experiments can reveal.
(b) Describe methods used in cladistics and uses of the resulting evidence.
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(a)
Cross males and females from strains differing in a heritable trait. ✔
Record and analyse offspring phenotypes. ✔
Dihybrid crosses investigate two loci together. ✔
Crosses can reveal sex linkage. ✔
Sex-specific ratios can occur OR typical fruit-fly males are XY and females XX. ✔
Observed ratios can differ from simple Mendelian expectations. ✔
Autosomal linkage can be revealed OR genes can be shown to have a linear arrangement OR recombination data can support gene mapping. ✔
Fruit flies are practical because generations are short, cultures are manageable or many offspring are produced. ✔
(b)
Compare corresponding DNA sequences between organisms. ✔
Compare corresponding protein amino-acid sequences. ✔
A clade comprises descendants of a common ancestor OR evidence is used to deduce clade membership. ✔
Use sequence similarities and differences to construct a cladogram. ✔
The branching diagram represents a probable order of divergence and common ancestry OR a correct annotated cladogram with at least three terminal branches illustrates this. ✔
Infer evolutionary histories or origins. ✔
Under appropriate clock assumptions, sequence divergence helps estimate time since common ancestry. ✔
Sequence similarity helps infer the closeness of relationships. ✔
Evidence can support classification or reclassification. ✔
For example, comparisons clarify relationships among humans and other primates. ✔
Molecular evidence has led to reclassification of plant groups such as the traditional figwort family. ✔
Homologous features indicate common ancestry OR analogous features have similar functions OR convergent evolution can produce similarities without recent common ancestry. ✔
Quality of communication: The complete response is clear on a first reading and concise, with little repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): Award any 4 of the listed points; maximum 4 marks. Part (b): Award any 7 of the listed points; maximum 7 marks. Award 1 independent communication mark across all retained parts. Maximum 12 marks. Scientifically equivalent alternatives and clearly annotated diagrams may be accepted where appropriate.