Zadanie 6, Paper 2, maj 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2023, TZ2, pytanie 6. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Explain how changes in regulation of the cell cycle can lead to a tumour.
(b) Outline the role of the right atrium during the cardiac cycle.
(c) Describe carbon-cycle processes that release or consume carbon dioxide.
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(a)
The cell cycle repeats interphase, nuclear division and cytokinesis. ✔
Cyclins help regulate progression between stages. ✔
Normally, additional cells are produced when required. ✔
Loss of control can lead to persistent proliferation and a mass of excess cells. ✔
Repeated mitoses or a high mitotic index can indicate proliferation. ✔
Mutations affecting genes that control proliferation can promote cancer. ✔
Radiation or mutagenic chemicals, including some in tobacco smoke, can cause such mutations. ✔
(b)
It receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body. ✔
The venae cavae deliver blood into it. ✔
Blood within the right atrium is deoxygenated. ✔
Atrial contraction transfers blood into the right ventricle. ✔
This occurs during atrial systole OR ventricular diastole OR the beginning of the cardiac cycle. ✔
The sinoatrial node is in the right atrium OR acts as the normal pacemaker OR initiates the heartbeat. ✔
Electrical excitation spreads through the atria OR onward towards the atrioventricular node and ventricles. ✔
(c)
Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide. ✔
Autotrophs incorporate this carbon into organic compounds. ✔
Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide. ✔
Oxidation of organic molecules produces carbon dioxide. ✔
Aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation in yeast or plants release carbon dioxide. ✔
Decomposer respiration returns carbon from dead organic matter to carbon dioxide. ✔
Incomplete decay can accumulate carbon in peat or fossil deposits. ✔
Combustion of vegetation or fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide. ✔
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water OR forms carbonic acid or hydrogencarbonate. ✔
Some organisms incorporate calcium carbonate into shells or skeletons. ✔
Accumulation or precipitation of carbonate can form limestone or similar deposits. ✔
Quality of communication: The complete response is clear on a first reading and concise, with little repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): Award any 4 of the listed points; maximum 4 marks. Part (b): Award any 4 of the listed points; maximum 4 marks. Part (c): Award any 7 of the listed points; maximum 7 marks. Award 1 independent communication mark across all retained parts. Maximum 16 marks. Scientifically equivalent alternatives and clearly annotated diagrams may be accepted where appropriate.