Zadanie 1c, Paper 2, maj 2024, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2024, TZ2, pytanie 1(c). Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Wspólne informacje do wiązki zadań
A constructed long-term study follows three hypothetical species of large, long-lived oceanic seabirds, A, B and C. They use wind while searching for prey and breed on the same island. They can be killed accidentally in fishing gear, and changes to food webs or climate may affect them.
The first dataset gives annual breeding-pair counts for 22 years.
PowiększThe next dataset gives annual survival for species A and B over 31 years. Annual survival is the percentage of adults alive at the start of a year that remain alive at its end; it excludes recruitment.
PowiększFishing effort indicates the intensity of fishing activity. The graph pairs it with survival in species A.
PowiększSmall crustaceans are important prey directly or indirectly for these birds. The final graph compares prey density and species B survival at six survey dates.
PowiększA further study of species C reports these effects.
| Variable | Total eggs laid in the colony | Percentage of chicks surviving |
|---|---|---|
| Wind conditions depart from the optimum | No significant effect | Negative effect |
| Number of breeding pairs increases | Positive effect | No significant effect |
Polecenie
(i) Compare and contrast annual survival in species A and B across the 31 years.
(ii) Suggest a reason why the species differ in survival.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(i) Both series fluctuate from year to year. ✔
Both have mean annual survival below 100%, indicating some adult deaths each year; this alone does not establish population decline. ✔
Both finish with survival similar to their initial level. ✔
B has the higher mean survival. ✔
B has the sharpest individual decrease and the lowest annual value, in 1987. ✔
(ii) The species may differ in prey dependence, sensitivity to climate, exposure to fishing gear/predators or effects on their breeding habitat. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (i): maximum 3, with at most 2 similarities and at most 2 differences. Part (ii): 1 for a species-specific reason, not merely a different initial population size. Maximum 4.