Zadanie 7, Paper 2, maj 2024, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2024, TZ2, pytanie 7. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Outline transcription.
(b) Describe how nondisjunction can produce Down syndrome.
(c) Explain the roles of named hormones in the development and functioning of male and female reproductive systems.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a)
mRNA is synthesized OR RNA is synthesized using DNA as the template. ✔
Complementary bases pair with the template strand. ✔
RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine. ✔
RNA polymerase catalyses the process. ✔
Covalent/phosphodiester bonds join RNA nucleotides. ✔
Synthesis proceeds from 5′ to 3′. ✔
Chromatin organization can regulate transcription in eukaryotes. ✔
Eukaryotic transcripts undergo processing or modification OR introns are removed and exons joined. ✔
Alternative splicing can generate different protein products. ✔
(b)
Down syndrome involves an extra chromosome 21, giving trisomy 21. ✔
Nondisjunction occurs in meiosis. ✔
It can occur during anaphase I or II. ✔
Homologous chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis I OR sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II. ✔
A gamete OR a zygote has an extra chromosome. ✔
It may occur in the ovaries. ✔
It occurs during gamete formation. ✔
Risk increases with parental age. ✔
(c)
Testosterone promotes male secondary sexual characteristics. ✔
Testosterone supports sperm production. ✔
Oestradiol promotes female secondary sexual characteristics. ✔
FSH stimulates ovarian follicle development OR supports sperm production. ✔
FSH promotes oestradiol secretion from developing follicles. ✔
LH triggers ovulation OR corpus-luteum formation. ✔
LH promotes ovarian progesterone/oestradiol secretion OR testosterone secretion in males. ✔
Oestradiol promotes growth or repair of the endometrium. ✔
Oestradiol inhibits FSH through negative feedback OR stimulates LH through positive feedback. ✔
Progesterone inhibits FSH and LH. ✔
Progesterone thickens OR maintains the endometrium. ✔
Quality of communication: clear on first reading, concise and without unnecessary repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): any 4 points, maximum 4. Part (b): any 4 points, maximum 4. Part (c): any 7 points, maximum 7. Award 1 independent communication mark. Maximum 16. Accept scientifically equivalent wording and relevant diagrams. For part (c), maximum 2 points per hormone; testosterone must be included for full marks.