Zadanie 6, Paper 2, listopad 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, November 2023, TZ2, pytanie 6. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Outline the route and processes by which carbon dioxide in blood arriving at the lungs reaches the outside air.
(b) Explain why final urine can contain more concentrated urea than blood plasma.
(c) Compare excretion in humans with excretion in a freshwater unicellular organism such as Paramecium.
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(a)
Alveoli provide the gas-exchange surface. ✔
A capillary network surrounds the alveoli. ✔
Carbon dioxide crosses by diffusion. ✔
It moves from blood into alveolar air. ✔
Thin capillary or alveolar walls give a short diffusion distance. ✔
The carbon dioxide concentration is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. ✔
Some alveolar air leaves the body. ✔
Exhalation drives this removal. ✔
Thoracic or lung volume decreases OR pressure increases. ✔
Air flows from higher to lower pressure. ✔
Relaxation of the diaphragm or external intercostals OR elastic recoil supports exhalation. ✔
During forced expiration, internal intercostals or abdominal muscles contract. ✔
Exhaled air passes through bronchioles, bronchi and the trachea. ✔
(b)
Urea is removed from plasma by ultrafiltration. ✔
Filtration occurs from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule. ✔
Water is reabsorbed from the filtrate. ✔
This occurs in the proximal tubule, collecting duct or another appropriate nephron region. ✔
The medulla has a high solute concentration that promotes water reabsorption. ✔
Active ion transport contributes to the concentration gradient. ✔
The loop of Henle generates or maintains the medullary gradient. ✔
A greater fraction of water than urea is reabsorbed, concentrating the remaining urea. ✔
ADH increases aquaporin-mediated water reabsorption. ✔
(c)
Both remove metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide or nitrogenous waste. ✔
Humans have specialized excretory organs OR the unicellular organism has none. ✔
Dissolved wastes in the unicellular organism can pass across its plasma membrane. ✔
Many dissolved wastes diffuse out of the unicellular organism, while human excretion also involves energy-dependent transport and circulation. ✔
Humans mainly eliminate nitrogen as urea, whereas Paramecium mainly eliminates ammonia. ✔
Quality of communication: Clear on first reading, concise and without unnecessary repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part(a): award any 7 listed points, maximum 7. Part(b): award any 5 listed points, maximum 5. Part(c): award any 3 listed points, maximum 3. Award 1 independent communication mark across the complete response. Maximum 16. Equivalent scientifically correct statements and clearly annotated diagrams are acceptable.