Zadanie 8, Paper 2, listopad 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, November 2023, TZ2, pytanie 8. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Outline how new heritable traits can arise and become more common in a population over time.
(b) Explain how polyploidy can cause the abrupt origin of a new plant species.
(c) Suggest advantages of scientific species names.
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(a)
Mutations generate variation or new traits. ✔
Mutations change the DNA base sequence. ✔
New alleles arise by mutation. ✔
Meiosis or sexual reproduction creates new combinations of alleles. ✔
Natural selection changes trait frequencies. ✔
Better-adapted individuals have a higher probability of survival. ✔
They tend to produce more offspring OR reach reproductive age more often. ✔
Offspring inherit alleles or traits from parents. ✔
Directional selection can shift the distribution of traits. ✔
Environmental pressures can favour advantageous new variants. ✔
Antibiotic resistance OR industrial melanism OR another evidence-based example illustrates development of a new trait (an example of speciation alone does not earn this point). ✔
Changes in heritable traits over generations constitute evolution. ✔
(b)
Polyploid cells contain more than two chromosome sets. ✔
Triploid means three sets OR tetraploid means four. ✔
A complete extra set can arise through genome duplication without appropriate cell division OR failure of chromosome segregation. ✔
A tetraploid can produce diploid gametes. ✔
Fusion of diploid and haploid gametes gives triploid offspring. ✔
Triploids are often sterile because chromosome pairing or segregation in meiosis is disrupted. ✔
Tetraploids can be reproductively isolated from the diploid ancestral population. ✔
This isolation can establish a new species under the biological species concept. ✔
(c)
The system is binomial OR combines a genus name with a specific epithet. ✔
It is internationally agreed or used worldwide. ✔
The genus groups closely related species. ✔
It reduces confusion caused by different common names. ✔
The binomial uniquely identifies a species OR gives a consistent way to name newly recognized species. ✔
Quality of communication: Clear on first reading, concise and without unnecessary repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part(a): award any 7 listed points, maximum 7. Part(b): award any 5 listed points, maximum 5. Part(c): award any 3 listed points, maximum 3. Award 1 independent communication mark across the complete response. Maximum 16. Equivalent scientifically correct statements and clearly annotated diagrams are acceptable.