Zadanie 8, Paper 2, maj 2025, TZ2, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2025, TZ2, pytanie 8. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
A student compares flowering plants with mammals and examines their ecological interactions.
(a) Distinguish the cellular structures typical of these groups.
(b) Outline adaptations that allow animals to feed on plants and adaptations that defend plants from herbivores.
(c) Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in their cells.
One additional mark is available for clear, concise communication across the whole response.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a) Plant cells have cellulose walls; mammalian cells lack cell walls. ✔
Mature plant cells commonly have a large central vacuole, unlike the small vesicles/vacuoles in mammalian cells. ✔
Photosynthetic plant cells have chloroplasts; mammalian cells do not. ✔
Typical mammalian centrosomes contain centrioles, whereas most flowering-plant cells lack them. ✔
Some mammalian cells have cilia or flagella; typical flowering-plant vegetative cells do not. ✔
Mammalian lysosomes perform intracellular digestion; plant lytic vacuoles carry out comparable functions. ✔
(b) Herbivore mouthparts or teeth cut, grind or pierce plant material; nectar feeders may use an elongated proboscis. ✔
Specialized digestive chambers and symbiotic cellulolytic microbes allow some herbivores to obtain nutrients from cellulose. ✔
Some herbivores detoxify defensive plant compounds. ✔
Plant spines or thorns discourage feeding physically. ✔
Stinging structures or unpleasant tastes deter consumers. ✔
Toxic defensive metabolites reduce herbivore feeding or survival. ✔
(c) In both, mitosis normally produces genetically equivalent daughter nuclei. ✔
Both maintain the chromosome number of the parent nucleus. ✔
Both provide cells for growth, replacement or repair. ✔
Chromosomes condense during prophase. ✔
DNA is packaged around histones in nucleosomes and further compacted into chromosomes. ✔
Spindle microtubules and motors move chromosomes in both. ✔
Chromosomes align at the equator in metaphase. ✔
Sister chromatids separate in anaphase. ✔
Nuclear envelopes re-form around daughter nuclei during telophase, followed or accompanied by cytoplasmic separation. ✔
Mammalian spindle poles typically use centriole-containing centrosomes; flowering plants organize spindles without these structures. ✔
Mammalian cytokinesis uses an actomyosin contractile ring and inward cleavage furrow. ✔
Plant cytokinesis uses vesicles that fuse into a cell plate, producing new membranes and a dividing wall. ✔
Communication: the response is readily understandable, focused and avoids unnecessary repetition. ✔
Schemat punktowania
(a) Any 3 paired distinctions, max 3. (b) Any 4 points, at most 2 animal and 2 plant points. (c) Any 8, at most 6 similarities, so differences are needed for full credit. Do not assert that plant spindle fibres attach to cell walls. Add 1 holistic clarity mark across all parts, independent of content score. Maximum 16. In (c), telophase nuclear-envelope reformation OR cytokinesis producing two cells suffices for that shared-division point; an inward cleavage furrow OR actomyosin action suffices for animal cytokinesis; a cell plate OR vesicle assembly at the equator suffices for plant cytokinesis.