Zadanie 9, Paper 2, maj 2025, TZ3, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2025, TZ3, pytanie 9. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
Darmowe konto pozwoli wrócić do niego później.
Zadanie
Polecenie
A eukaryotic cell depends on membranes to organize reactions, exchange materials and respond to signals.
(a) Discuss the benefits of membrane-bound compartments.
(b) Describe mechanisms that move materials across the cell boundary.
(c) Explain how axon membranes enable depolarization and repolarization.
One holistic mark is available for clear, concise communication across the response.
Korepetytor AI
Nie wiesz, jak ruszyć? Korepetytor zna to zadanie i poprowadzi Cię krok po kroku, bez gotowca.
3 rozmowy · bez karty · Zaloguj się
Sprawdź się
Odpowiedz i oceń, jak poszło. Klucz odsłoń dopiero, gdy masz swoją odpowiedź.
Jak poszło Ci z tym zadaniem?
Wybierz ocenę: zapamięta ją ta przeglądarka, a z darmowym kontem zobaczysz ją na każdym urządzeniu.
Pokaż rozwiązanieUkryj rozwiązanieKlucz i punktacja
Odpowiedź z klucza
(a) Internal membranes define organelles. ✔
Nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts have double-membrane envelopes. ✔
Small compartments can concentrate enzymes and substrates. ✔
Incompatible processes can occur separately without interference. ✔
Lysosomes contain potentially damaging hydrolytic enzymes. ✔
Each compartment can maintain suitable pH or other conditions. ✔
Small enclosed spaces allow steep proton gradients to develop. ✔
Nuclear compartmentalization permits RNA processing before export for translation. ✔
Vesicles transfer materials between compartments. ✔
The nuclear envelope separates and protects chromosomes from cytoplasmic processes. ✔
(b) Diffusion is passive and requires no ATP input. ✔
Net diffusion proceeds down a concentration gradient. ✔
Simple diffusion occurs through the lipid bilayer without transport proteins. ✔
Small non-polar molecules such as oxygen or carbon dioxide cross by simple diffusion. ✔
Facilitated diffusion uses membrane channels or carriers. ✔
Channels permit movement of polar or charged substances, including ions. ✔
Voltage-gated channels open or close as membrane potential changes. ✔
Aquaporins facilitate osmotic water movement. ✔
Active transport uses energy, directly or indirectly supplied by ATP. ✔
Protein pumps perform active transport, for example the sodium–potassium pump. ✔
Active transport can move a solute against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. ✔
Endocytosis takes material in; exocytosis releases material. ✔
Endocytosis encloses external material in a membrane vesicle. ✔
Exocytosis fuses a vesicle with the plasma membrane and releases its contents. ✔
(c) Sodium influx causes depolarization. ✔
Sodium enters through open sodium channels by facilitated diffusion. ✔
Potassium efflux causes repolarization. ✔
Potassium exits through open potassium channels by facilitated diffusion. ✔
The relevant channels are voltage-gated. ✔
The sodium–potassium pump maintains the gradients, with more sodium outside and more potassium inside. ✔
The lipid bilayer restricts direct ion movement, allowing gradients to persist. ✔
Communication: the response is readily understandable, focused and concise. ✔
Schemat punktowania
(a) Any 4 internal-compartment points, maximum 4; plasma-membrane functions do not earn these marks. (b) Any 7, maximum 7. (c) Any 4, maximum 4. Add 1 holistic clarity mark. Total 16. In (a), any one of nucleus/mitochondrion/chloroplast having a double membrane suffices; concentrating enzymes OR substrates suffices; lysosomes OR phagocytic vacuoles containing digestive enzymes suffices; proton OR another concentration gradient suffices. In (c), facilitated diffusion OR the appropriate open ion channel earns the relevant channel point; the sodium–potassium pump maintaining gradients OR the resting potential suffices.