Zadanie 6, Paper 2, maj 2023, TZ2, Biologia IB SL
Wzorowane na: Biology SL Paper 2, May 2023, TZ2, pytanie 6. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Explain how temperature influences enzyme activity.
(b) Outline how the thyroid gland contributes to regulation of human body temperature.
(c) Describe how human activities contribute to a rise in mean surface air temperature.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a)
The reaction rate initially increases as temperature rises. ✔
Faster molecular motion produces more substrate–active-site collisions. ✔
High temperatures can denature an enzyme. ✔
Denaturation alters the active-site shape or protein conformation. ✔
An enzyme has an optimum temperature at which its activity is greatest. ✔
Low temperature reduces activity because collisions are less frequent. ✔
A correctly annotated curve can show the gradual rise followed by a sharper denaturation-related fall; it is not a symmetric bell curve. ✔
(b)
The thyroid secretes thyroxin. ✔
Thyroxin raises metabolic rate. ✔
Metabolic reactions release heat. ✔
Thyroxin increases heat production. ✔
It supports thermogenic responses, including activity of brown adipose tissue. ✔
Low body temperature can increase thyroxin secretion, with the converse response at high temperature. ✔
(c)
Human activity releases carbon dioxide. ✔
Burning fossil fuels transfers carbon into atmospheric carbon dioxide. ✔
Human-caused vegetation fires release carbon dioxide. ✔
Deforestation reduces photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide. ✔
Human activity also releases methane. ✔
Livestock digestion, fossil-fuel leakage or another verified human-related source contributes methane. ✔
Carbon dioxide and methane enhance the greenhouse effect. ✔
Much incoming short-wave solar radiation passes through the atmosphere. ✔
The warmed surface emits longer-wave infrared radiation. ✔
Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing infrared radiation (they can also re-emit it, including towards the surface). ✔
Quality of communication: The complete response is clear and concise, with little repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): Award any 4 of the listed points; maximum 4 marks. Part (b): Award any 4 of the listed points; maximum 4 marks. Part (c): Award any 7 of the listed points; maximum 7 marks. Award 1 independent communication mark across the retained response. Maximum 16 marks. Clearly annotated diagrams may earn the corresponding points; labels alone do not suffice.