Define an electrophile as a species that accepts both bonding electrons from its reaction partner, and recognise neutral and positively charged electrophiles such as H+, NO2+, Br2 and HBr by their electron deficiency or polarizability.
Tę umiejętność sprawdza 9 zadań wzorowanych na arkuszach IB z lat 2023–2026.
Benzene reacts with the nitronium ion, NO2+. C6H6 + NO2+ → C6H5NO2 + H+ Which species is the electrophile, and why? In each option the species is given first and the reason second. A. NO2+, accepts an electron pair B. NO2+, donates…
Which equation shows the first species acting as an electrophile? A. Br− + CH3CH2+ → CH3CH2Br B. H2O + H+ → H3O+ C. CN− + CH3Br → CH3CN + Br− D. AlCl3 + Cl− → AlCl4−
Which species can act as the electrophile in a substitution reaction with benzene? A. Br− B. Na+ C. OH− D. Br+
(i) State the type of reaction taking place, and identify the role played by HI. (ii) Outline why molecules such as HI are able to attack ethene.
(i) Iodine molecules, I2, undergo homolytic fission when they absorb light. Write an equation for this process, using curly arrows to show the movement of the electrons. (ii) In the presence of a suitable reagent the I–I bond can instead break…
Benzene reacts with the electrophile Br+, generated from bromine and iron(III) bromide, by electrophilic substitution. Which structure correctly represents the intermediate formed when Br+ bonds to the ring? A. structure A B. structure B C.…
In the nitration of benzene with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, the nitronium ion, NO2+, attacks the benzene ring. What is the role of NO2+ and what type of reaction takes place? A. Nucleophile; nucleophilic…
Heating benzaldehyde with concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids nitrates the ring by the same type of reaction as in benzene. The acid mixture generates the electrophile NO2+, and the product is 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. Explain the mechanism of this…
Benzene is converted into nitrobenzene by heating it with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. The attacking species is the electrophile NO2+. Explain the mechanism by which benzene is nitrated by NO2+, showing the movement of…
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