Zadanie 8, Paper 2, maj 2023, TZ1, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, May 2023, TZ1, pytanie 8. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Explain how vesicles move materials within cells and across their surfaces.
(b) Describe how dissolved carbon compounds are transported through phloem.
(c) Outline how material moves from the stomach to the large intestine.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a)
Membrane fluidity permits budding OR fusion. ✔
Material enters by endocytosis OR vesicle formation at the cell surface. ✔
For example, a phagocyte can engulf a microorganism into a vesicle. ✔
Material is released by exocytosis OR vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. ✔
For example, a secretory vesicle releases neurotransmitter or a glandular protein. ✔
Vesicles transport cargo between organelles or between an organelle and the cell surface. ✔
For example, proteins move from rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi in transport vesicles. ✔
(b)
Transport occurs in sieve tubes. ✔
Sap passes through pores in sieve plates. ✔
Sugars OR amino acids are transported dissolved in water. ✔
Loading into the transport pathway can depend on active transport. ✔
Proton pumping can power sucrose cotransport into companion cells. ✔
Loading increases solute concentration in the phloem. ✔
Water enters by osmosis. ✔
Water entry raises hydrostatic pressure at the source. ✔
Carbon compounds are unloaded at sinks such as growing roots. ✔
Water can leave after unloading, reducing pressure at the sink. ✔
The pressure difference drives bulk flow along the sieve tube. ✔
Net movement carries assimilates from sources to sinks. ✔
(c)
Muscle contractions propel the contents. ✔
Coordinated waves of contraction and relaxation produce peristalsis. ✔
Longitudinal muscle contraction shortens a segment and helps propel contents. ✔
Circular muscle constriction behind the contents limits backward movement and advances them. ✔
The route passes through the duodenum and the rest of the small intestine before entering the large intestine. ✔
Quality of communication: The whole response is clear on a first reading and concise, with little repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): Award any 5 of the listed points; maximum 5 marks. Part (b): Award any 7 of the listed points; maximum 7 marks. Part (c): Award any 3 of the listed points; maximum 3 marks. Award 1 independent quality mark for clear, concise communication across the whole response. Maximum 16 marks. Accept alternative scientifically equivalent examples where the source allows examples; do not require every item joined by OR.