Zadanie 6, Paper 2, listopad 2024, Biologia IB HL
Wzorowane na: Biology HL Paper 2, November 2024, pytanie 6. Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
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Zadanie
Polecenie
(a) Distinguish competitive inhibition from non-competitive inhibition.
(b) Explain why atmospheric carbon dioxide can increase and how this threatens ocean ecosystems.
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Odpowiedź z klucza
(a)
A competitive inhibitor binds at the active site, while a non-competitive inhibitor binds elsewhere or at an allosteric site. ✔
Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate in relevant shape/chemistry, while non-competitive inhibitors need not do so. ✔
Competitive binding blocks substrate access; non-competitive binding changes enzyme conformation and reduces catalytic activity. ✔
Increasing substrate can overcome competitive inhibition or leave Vmax unchanged, but does not restore Vmax under pure non-competitive inhibition. ✔
Non-competitive inhibition can regulate metabolic pathways through end-product feedback. ✔
(b)
Human activities drive much of the increase. ✔
Combustion of fossil carbon or deforestation increases atmospheric carbon dioxide. ✔
Carbon dioxide absorbs outgoing long-wave infrared radiation, enhancing the greenhouse effect. ✔
Global temperatures rise. ✔
Oceans absorb heat and become warmer. ✔
Ice melt can remove polar habitat, sea level can rise, or warming can cause coral bleaching. ✔
Ocean currents or regional climate patterns may change. ✔
Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater. ✔
Dissolved carbon dioxide increases acidity or lowers pH. ✔
Carbonate-ion availability decreases. ✔
Calcifying organisms may struggle to build skeletons or shells. ✔
Species distributions, food webs, abundance or biodiversity can change. ✔
Quality of communication: clear on first reading, concise and free from unnecessary repetition or irrelevant material. ✔
Schemat punktowania
Part (a): any 4 distinct points, maximum 4. Part (b): any 7 distinct points, maximum 7. Award 1 independent communication mark. Maximum 12. For part (a), include both mechanisms somewhere in the response for comparative points; paired wording in one sentence is not required. The optional feedback point does not imply that competitive inhibitors can never regulate metabolism.