Wzorowane na: Chemistry SL Paper 2, specimen 2025, pytanie 2(a). Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
Informacja do zadań 2a-2c.
Scientific models of the structure of the atom have been developed and revised as new experimental evidence became available.
In the Geiger–Marsden experiment, α-particles (the nuclei of helium-4 atoms) were fired at a very thin foil of silver. A detector that could be moved around the foil recorded the angle of deflection, θ, of the particles. Two of the possible routes are shown: route A, straight through the foil, and route B, back towards the source.
The graph shows how the relative number of α-particles reaching the detector varies with the angle of deflection.
(i) State the nuclear charges of silver and helium.
(ii) Explain why a very small number of α-particles follow route B and are deflected back towards the source.
(iii) The great majority of the α-particles follow route A and pass through the foil without being deflected (θ = 0°). Suggest what this observation indicates about the structure of the atom.
(i) silver: +47 AND helium: +2 ✔
(ii) «the positively charged α-particle is» repelled by the positively charged «silver» nucleus «when it passes very close to it» ✔
(iii) most of the volume of the atom is empty space
OR
the nucleus is very small «compared with the size of the atom» ✔
One mark per sub-part. (i) both charges required, sign and magnitude; (ii) repulsion between like charges, the nucleus must be identified as positive; (iii) either the empty-space or the tiny-nucleus statement.
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