Umiejętności z podstawy programowej

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter

Introduction to the particulate nature of matter3

• Elements, compounds and mixtures11 zad.
• Kinetic molecular theory and states of matter2 zad.
• Temperature and kinetic energy of particles1 zad.

The nuclear atom2

• Nuclear symbols and subatomic particles10 zad.
• Isotopes and relative atomic mass5 zad.

Electron configurations5

• Emission spectra and the electromagnetic spectrum2 zad.
• Hydrogen line spectrum and energy levels4 zad.
• Main energy levels and electron capacity3 zad.
• Sublevels and the shapes of s and p orbitals3 zad.
• Electron configurations of atoms and ions8 zad.

Counting particles by mass: The mole6

• The mole and the Avogadro constant4 zad.
• Relative atomic mass and relative formula mass1 zad.
• Molar mass and mole calculations10 zad.
• Empirical and molecular formulas9 zad.
• Molar concentration of solutions20 zad.
• Avogadro's law and molar volume of gases6 zad.

Ideal gases4

• Assumptions of the ideal gas model0 zadań
• Real gases and deviation from ideality2 zad.
• Gas laws: pressure, volume and temperature3 zad.
• Ideal gas equation and combined gas law6 zad.

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure

The ionic model3

• Cations, anions and ion charges3 zad.
• Ionic bonding and formulas of ionic compounds9 zad.
• Ionic lattices and their properties4 zad.

The covalent model10

• Covalent bonds and Lewis formulas12 zad.
• Bond order, bond length and bond strength3 zad.
• Coordination bonds4 zad.
• VSEPR theory and molecular shapes8 zad.
• Bond polarity and electronegativity1 zad.
• Molecular polarity and dipole moments3 zad.
• Covalent network solids and carbon allotropes3 zad.
• Types of intermolecular forces8 zad.
• Intermolecular forces and physical properties7 zad.
• Chromatography and Rf values7 zad.

The metallic model2

• Metallic bonding and properties of metals5 zad.
• Strength of metallic bonding and melting points2 zad.

From models to materials5

• The bonding triangle: ionic, covalent, metallic1 zad.
• Position in the bonding triangle5 zad.
• Alloys and their properties1 zad.
• Polymers and properties of plastics2 zad.
• Addition polymers and repeating units7 zad.

Structure 3. Classification of matter

The periodic table: Classification of elements6

• Periods, groups and blocks of the periodic table5 zad.
• Periodic table position and electron configuration2 zad.
• Periodic trends in atomic properties12 zad.
• Group 1 and group 17 reactivity trends4 zad.
• Basic, amphoteric and acidic oxides3 zad.
• Assigning oxidation states8 zad.

Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds6

• Molecular, structural and skeletal formulas3 zad.
• Functional groups in organic compounds9 zad.
• Homologous series and general formulas2 zad.
• Trends in boiling points of a homologous series2 zad.
• IUPAC naming of organic compounds5 zad.
• Structural isomers6 zad.

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?

Measuring enthalpy changes4

• Heat, temperature and energy conservation2 zad.
• Endothermic and exothermic reactions9 zad.
• Energy profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions6 zad.
• Calorimetry: Q = mcΔT and enthalpy change9 zad.

Energy cycles in reactions2

• Enthalpy change from bond enthalpies10 zad.
• Hess's law2 zad.

Energy from fuels5

• Complete combustion equations3 zad.
• Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons0 zadań
• Fossil fuels and CO2 emissions2 zad.
• Biofuels and renewable energy3 zad.
• Hydrogen and methanol fuel cells2 zad.

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?

How much? The amount of chemical change5

• Writing and balancing chemical equations7 zad.
• Reacting masses, volumes and concentrations15 zad.
• Limiting reactant and theoretical yield12 zad.
• Percentage yield calculations4 zad.
• Atom economy5 zad.

How fast? The rate of chemical change5

• Measuring and calculating rate of reaction6 zad.
• Collision theory3 zad.
• Factors affecting the rate of reaction8 zad.
• Activation energy and Maxwell-Boltzmann curves9 zad.
• Catalysts and alternative reaction pathways6 zad.

How far? The extent of chemical change4

• Dynamic equilibrium2 zad.
• Equilibrium law and the expression for K9 zad.
• Magnitude and temperature dependence of K5 zad.
• Le Chatelier's principle14 zad.

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?

Proton transfer reactions8

• Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases4 zad.
• Conjugate acid-base pairs3 zad.
• Amphiprotic species1 zad.
• pH scale and hydrogen ion concentration6 zad.
• Ionic product of water, Kw4 zad.
• Strong and weak acids and bases6 zad.
• Neutralization reactions and salts6 zad.
• pH curves for strong acid and strong base1 zad.

Electron transfer reactions11

• Oxidation, reduction and redox agents8 zad.
• Half-equations and balancing redox equations7 zad.
• Reactivity series of metals and halogens6 zad.
• Reactions of metals with acids3 zad.
• Anode, cathode and electrode polarity6 zad.
• Primary (voltaic) cells4 zad.
• Secondary (rechargeable) cells2 zad.
• Electrolysis of molten salts3 zad.
• Oxidation of alcohols7 zad.
• Reduction of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones2 zad.
• Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes1 zad.

Electron sharing reactions3

• Radicals and unpaired electrons1 zad.
• Homolytic fission and the initiation step8 zad.
• Radical substitution of alkanes with halogens4 zad.

Electron-pair sharing reactions5

• Nucleophiles1 zad.
• Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes4 zad.
• Heterolytic fission and curly arrows3 zad.
• Electrophiles3 zad.
• Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes5 zad.

Skills in the study of chemistry

Tools and inquiry skills6

• Experimental techniques and apparatus28 zad.
• Technology, databases and modelling1 zad.
• Units, uncertainties and graphs23 zad.
• Exploring and designing investigations9 zad.
• Collecting and processing data4 zad.
• Concluding and evaluating16 zad.