Periodic trends in atomic properties

Chemia IBPaper 2, maj 2026, TZ1wzorowane3 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 2b

(i) Explain why Rb has a lower first ionization energy than strontium, Sr. (ii) Outline why Rb has a lower electronegativity than potassium, K.

Chemia IBPaper 2, maj 2026, TZ3wzorowane5 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 3b

(i) Outline why the strength of the metallic bond increases from potassium, K, to calcium, Ca. (ii) Write an equation for the reaction of potassium, K, with water, including state symbols. (iii) Outline why the electronegativity of chlorine is greater than…

Chemia IBPaper 1A, maj 2026, TZ3wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 11

Which row correctly describes how the properties of the halogens change down group 17, listed in the order: non-metallic character, boiling point of the element, atomic radius? A. Increases, increases, increases B. Decreases, increases, increases C. Decreases,…

Chemia IBPaper 1A, maj 2026, TZ2wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 12

Why is the first ionization energy of potassium lower than that of sodium? A. Potassium has fewer protons in its nucleus than sodium B. The outer electron of potassium is in a higher main energy level, further from the nucleus and more shielded C. Potassium…

Chemia IBPaper 1A, maj 2026, TZ2wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 13

Why do halogens form 1− ions? A. Highly exothermic electron affinity, so the atoms gain one electron B. Low ionization energy, so the atoms lose one electron C. High ionization energy, so the atoms gain one electron D. Low electronegativity, so the atoms gain…

Chemia IBPaper 2, maj 2025, TZ2wzorowane5 pktobliczenioweśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 2a

Naturally occurring gallium consists of two isotopes: 60 % of the atoms contain 38 neutrons and the remaining 40 % contain 40 neutrons. (i) Use section 7 of the data booklet to deduce the nuclear symbol of the heavier isotope. (ii) Calculate the relative…

Chemia IBPaper 1A, maj 2025, TZ1wzorowane1 pktzamknięteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 10

Which of these compounds has the weakest ionic bond? A. SrO B. BaO C. SrS D. BaS

Chemia IBPaper 1A, maj 2025, TZ2wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 12

Why is the first ionization energy of sulfur greater than that of magnesium? A. The outer electrons of sulfur are further from the nucleus. B. Sulfur atoms have more occupied main energy levels. C. Sulfur atoms have a greater nuclear charge, while the…

Chemia IBPaper 1A, maj 2025, TZ1wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 14

Phosphorus occurs as the atom and as several ions. In which row are the species arranged from the smallest radius to the largest? A. P³⁻, P, P³⁺, P⁵⁺ B. P⁵⁺, P³⁺, P, P³⁻ C. P,…

Chemia IBPaper 1A, maj 2025, TZ1wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 15

Which statement explains why the atomic radius decreases across period 3 from magnesium, Mg, to sulfur, S? A. The number of occupied main energy levels increases B. The shielding effect of the inner electrons decreases C. The number of protons in the nucleus…

Chemia IBPaper 2, listopad 2025, TZ1wzorowane6 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1a

(i) The boxes for the 1s and 2s orbitals of a sulfur atom are shown below. Draw the remaining orbitals needed for its ground-state electron configuration, filling and labelling each one. Use section 7 of the data booklet. (ii) For a sulfur atom, sketch the…

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 1B, listopad 2025, TZ3wzorowane1 pktotwartełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 1a

Titanium is not included in the graph. Use sections 9 and 10 of the data booklet to find its atomic radius and first ionization energy, and annotate the graph with a cross (X) at the position of the data point for titanium.

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 1B, listopad 2025, TZ3wzorowane1 pktotwartełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 1b

Suggest what causes the two quantities in the graph to be related in this way.

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 1B, listopad 2025, TZ3wzorowane3 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1c

The data show that the first ionization energy and the atomic radius are related. (i) State what kind of relationship links the two variables. (ii) Compare and contrast the trends observed for the three groups.

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 1A, listopad 2025, TZ1wzorowane1 pktzamknięteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 14

The first ionization energies of four elements with consecutive atomic numbers, A, B, C and D, are shown. An element X reacts with oxygen to form an acidic oxide. Which element could be X? A. A B. B C. C D. D

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 2, specimen 2025wzorowane6 pktotwartetrudne (szac.)

Zadanie 2b

Lithium can be identified in the light emitted by stars and by flames containing lithium compounds. (i) Outline the appearance of the emission spectrum of lithium. The emission spectrum of a one-electron species, such as the Li²⁺ ion, can be explained…

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 2, maj 2024, TZ2wzorowane1 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 3d

Outline why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion, S²⁻, is greater than that of the chloride ion, Cl⁻.

Chemia IBPaper 1, maj 2024, TZ2wzorowane1 pktzamknięteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 7

Which set of ions shows increasing ionic radii? A. Mg²⁺ < Na⁺ < O²⁻ < F⁻ B. Mg²⁺ < Na⁺ < F⁻ < O²⁻ C. O²⁻ < F⁻ < Na⁺ < Mg²⁺ D. Na⁺ < Mg²⁺ < F⁻ < O²⁻

Chemia IBPaper 3, maj 2023, TZ1wzorowane1 pktotwartełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 1a

Outline why the first ionization energies of all the elements in the table are positive, whereas the first electron affinities of most of them are negative.

Chemia IBPaper 3, maj 2023, TZ1wzorowane1 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1d

Suggest one reason why the first electron affinity of magnesium is positive.

Chemia IBPaper 3, maj 2023, TZ1wzorowane2 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1e

Suggest reasons why argon has the largest first ionization energy and the largest positive first electron affinity of the elements in period 3. Largest first ionization energy: Largest positive first electron affinity:

Chemia IBPaper 3, maj 2023, TZ1wzorowane1 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1f

Suggest whether the first electron affinity of xenon is greater or smaller than that of argon, and give one reason for your answer.

Chemia IBPaper 3, maj 2023, TZ2wzorowane2 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1d

Explain the steady fall in atomic volume from element 11 to element 13.

Chemia IBPaper 3, maj 2023, TZ2wzorowane1 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1e

Estimate the atomic volume, in cm³ mol⁻¹, of element 20.

Chemia IBPaper 2, maj 2023, TZ1wzorowane2 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 2b

Explain why the first ionization energy decreases from beryllium to barium in group 2.

Chemia IBPaper 1, maj 2023, TZ2wzorowane1 pktzamknięteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 8

Which properties decrease down group 17, the halogens? I. electronegativity II. first ionization energy III. melting point A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III

Chemia IBPaper 1, listopad 2023, TZ1wzorowane1 pktzamknięteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 8

Which property generally decreases as the first ionization energy of elements increases? A. Atomic radius B. Electronegativity C. Non-metallic character D. Acidity of the oxide

Chemia IBPaper 1, listopad 2023, TZ2wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 8

On going down group 1 from lithium to caesium, the first ionization energy of the elements decreases. Which property also decreases down the group? A. Electronegativity B. Atomic radius C. Reactivity with water D. Number of occupied energy levels

Chemia IBPaper 1, listopad 2023, TZ1wzorowane1 pktzamknięteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 14

Which changes are exothermic? I. CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l) II. Cl(g) + e⁻ → Cl⁻(g) III. H₂O(l) → H₂O(g) A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III

Chemia IBPaper 2, maj 2022, TZ1wzorowane3 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 1e

Most oxide ions are $\ce{^{16}O^2-}$. (i) State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this ion. (ii) Some oxide ions are $\ce{^{18}O^2-}$. State the term that describes the relationship between $\ce{^{16}O^2-}$ and $\ce{^{18}O^2-}$. (iii) The…

Chemia IBPaper 2, maj 2022, TZ2wzorowane2 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 2a

Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is greater than that of sodium.

Chemia IBPaper 1, maj 2022, TZ2wzorowane1 pktzamknięteśrednie (szac.)

Zadanie 7

Elements X, Y and Z are in the same period of the periodic table. The relative sizes of their atoms are shown below. Which row shows the correct general trends? A. Ionization energy: Z < Y < X; electronegativity: Z < Y < X; acidity of oxide, least to most…

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 2, listopad 2022wzorowane1 pktotwartełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 2d

The N–H bonds in compound P and the O–H bonds in water are both polar. State, giving a reason, whether nitrogen or oxygen is the more electronegative element.

• Materiał graficzny

Chemia IBPaper 1, listopad 2022wzorowane1 pktzamkniętełatwe (szac.)

Zadanie 8

Which property of the elements generally increases from left to right across period 3 and decreases down group 17? A. Atomic radius B. Electronegativity C. Metallic character D. Ionic radius