Zadanie 1c
The final step can be summarized as: 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ΔH⊖ = −138 kJ mol−1 Describe the types of bonding found in the concentrated aqueous nitric acid product.
Covalent bonds and Lewis formulas
Describe the covalent bond as attraction between a shared electron pair and the nuclei, and draw Lewis formulas for molecules and ions with up to four electron pairs per atom, including species with incomplete octets such as BF3.
Tę umiejętność sprawdza 26 zadań wzorowanych na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
Zadania sprawdzające tę umiejętność: 26 Otwórz w wyszukiwarce z filtrami
Zadanie 1d
Nitric acid, HNO3, is strong, while nitrous acid, HNO2, is weak. (i) Outline the difference between a strong and a weak acid. (ii) Deduce the Lewis formula and the molecular geometry for the nitrite ion, NO2−.
Zadanie 2c
(i) Write the equation for the reaction of Rb with water, H2O, including state symbols. (ii) Describe the type of bonding in Rb and in H2O, and explain how the valence electrons in each produce that type of bond.
Zadanie 9
Which electrostatic attraction holds the two atoms together in a molecule of hydrogen, H2? A. Between the two nuclei B. Between the two electrons of the shared pair C. Between neighbouring hydrogen molecules D. Between each nucleus and the shared pair…
Zadanie 1a
At room temperature hydrogen cyanide is a liquid that evaporates readily, whereas ethyne, C2H2, which has almost the same molar mass, is a gas that boils at −84 °C. (i) Draw the Lewis formula of the hydrogen cyanide molecule, showing all valence…
Zadanie 4b
Both ionic and covalent bonding are present in sodium ethanedioate, Na2C2O4. (i) Describe the two types of bonding. Ionic bonding: Covalent bonding: (ii) Deduce a Lewis formula of the ethanedioate ion, C2O42−. (iii) State the geometry of the…
Zadanie 7a
(i) State the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom. (ii) Draw the Lewis formula of ammonia. (iii) Deduce the electron domain geometry and the molecular geometry of the ammonia molecule. (iv) Explain why the ammonia molecule is polar.
Zadanie 9
For which of these molecules is the octet rule satisfied by every atom? I. SiCl4 II. NCl3 III. BCl3 A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
Zadanie 13
Simple bonding theory expects every atom in a covalent molecule to end up with eight valence electrons. Two stable gas-phase molecules, BF3(g) and BeF2(g), do not fit this picture. Which adaptation of the bonding model was needed to explain…
Zadanie 1c
Another hydride of sulfur is hydrogen sulfide, H2S; it forms a sulfonium ion, H3S+. State the types of bonds present in the sulfonium ion, H3S+, and explain how these bonds are formed.
Zadanie 1d
Sulfur forms a dichloride, SCl2. Deduce the Lewis formula of SCl2.
Zadanie 5c
(i) Deduce the condensed electron configuration of chlorine. (ii) Describe the bonding in a molecule of chlorine in terms of valence electrons. (iii) Explain why chlorine has a much lower boiling point than bromine, although both exist as simple diatomic…
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Zadanie 3d
Sodium peroxide, Na2O2, contains the peroxide ion. Draw the Lewis formula of this anion.
Zadanie 2b
(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of the nitrite ion. (ii) Predict the shape of the ion and the size of the O-N-O bond angle.
Zadanie 10
What is the number of bonding pairs of electrons in propanedioic acid, HOOC−CH2−COOH? A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 20
Zadanie 3a
Sulfur dioxide, SO2, can be represented by more than one Lewis (electron dot) structure. (i) Sketch a Lewis (electron dot) structure of SO2 in which all atoms obey the octet rule. (ii) State the molecular geometry of SO2 and the O-S-O bond…
Zadanie 2b
Ozone, O3, is formed in photochemical smog from oxygen molecules and oxygen atoms. Deduce the Lewis structure of ozone.
Zadanie 12
In which species does the central atom have fewer than eight valence electrons? A. AlCl3 B. CCl4 C. NH4+ D. H3O+
Zadanie 1b
Draw a Lewis (electron dot) formula for a molecule of ethanoic acid, showing every bonding and non-bonding electron pair.
Zadanie 1b
Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH.
Zadanie 5a
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. State the type of bonding that joins the amino acids together along a polypeptide chain.
Zadanie 1g
State the type of bonding in calcium, nitrogen and calcium nitride, and how the valence electrons produce each type of bonding.
Zadanie 2b
Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of a molecule of methanol, CH3OH, showing all valence electrons.
Zadanie 9
Which statement best describes the bonding between the atoms inside one molecule of ammonia, NH3? A. Hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms B. Each shared pair of electrons is attracted electrostatically to the nuclei of both bonded atoms…
Zadanie 1c
Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, is another ammonium salt; it is used in smelling salts and as a raising agent in baking. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, CO32−.
Zadanie 1f
Solid ammonium chloride decomposes when heated to form two gases, ammonia and hydrogen chloride. (i) Write the chemical equation for this decomposition. (ii) Calculate the volume of ammonia produced at STP when an 8.00 g sample of ammonium chloride decomposes.…