Identify by name and structure the halogeno, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy, amino, amido, ester and phenyl groups in a molecule, and explain how functional groups determine the class and properties of a compound.
Tę umiejętność sprawdza 36 zadań wzorowanych na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
Compound X is a flavour compound that occurs in many plants. Its structure is shown below. (i) State the IUPAC name of compound X. (ii) State the name of the functional group represented by the C=O bond itself in compound X. (iii) Predict the size of the H–C=O…
Which functional groups are present in this molecule? A. Secondary amine, hydroxyl, alkoxy B. Tertiary amine, alcohol, ketone C. Tertiary amine, hydroxyl, alkoxy D. Secondary amine, alcohol, ketone
What is the correct classification of the molecule shown? A. Carboxylic acid B. Ketone C. Ether D. Ester
Which general formula describes a homologous series of unsaturated compounds? A. CnH2n+1OH B. CnH2n−2 C. CnH2n+1Br D. CnH2n+2
The structure of galantamine is shown below. (i) State the type of structural formula shown. (ii) State the name of the functional group that contains the nitrogen atom. (iii) Outline the effect of this functional group on the pH of water in which galantamine…
The compound X shown below occurs naturally in cocoa and coffee and is used as a flavouring agent. (i) State the name of the functional group found in compound X. (ii) Deduce the IUPAC name of X. (iii) Draw a structural isomer of X taken from a different…
Which two functional groups occur in both molecule P and molecule Q? A. Amino and a benzene ring B. Hydroxyl and ester C. Hydroxyl and a benzene ring D. Amino and hydroxyl
(i) Oil of vitriol, spirit of hartshorn and wood alcohol are old trivial names still occasionally used for chemical substances, and names like these can be a source of confusion in international scientific communication. Outline how the modern system of naming…
A compound used to make polymers, hexanedioic acid, can be produced by a series of reactions starting from cyclohexane. (i) Deduce how reactant A is related to hex-1-ene. (ii) For the C=O functional group present in intermediate C, state its structural…
Which formula represents an amide? A. CH3CH2NH2 B. CH3CH2CONH2 C. (C2H5)2NH D. H2NCH2CH2COOH
HA is neutralized by potassium hydroxide solution according to the equation HA(aq) + KOH(aq) → KA(aq) + H2O(l) Identify a functional group present in HA.
Which functional groups are present in this molecule? A. halogeno, carboxyl, hydroxyl B. halogeno, carbonyl, hydroxyl C. halogeno, carbonyl, alkoxy D. halogeno, ester, hydroxyl
Methanol and butan-1-ol are members of the same homologous series. (i) Name the class of compound and the functional group that characterize this series. (ii) State the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of either alcohol. (iii) Predict one type…
Suggest how the parts of the IUPAC name prop-2-enal match the structure of the compound.
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is added to some processed foods. Its structure is shown. Predict, giving one reason, whether pantothenic acid is soluble in vegetable oil.
The structural formula of a synthetic tripeptide P is shown. Circle every amide link in the structure.
Lidocaine and procaine are local anaesthetics. Their structures are shown. Deduce the name of one functional group that is present in both molecules and the name of one functional group that is present in procaine only.
Diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory drug, is often supplied as its sodium salt, which dissolves in water more readily than the diclofenac molecule itself. Circle the functional group that reacts with sodium hydroxide when this salt is prepared.
Beeswax contains esters that form when long-chain carboxylic acids react with long-chain alcohols. State the name of this type of reaction.
Fructose, C6H12O6, exists mainly as a ring, but a small proportion of the molecules in solution are in the straight-chain form shown. State the names of the functional groups present in the straight-chain form of fructose.
Which functional groups are present in the compound shown? A. Carboxyl, hydroxyl and primary amino B. Ester, ether and primary amino C. Ester, hydroxyl and secondary amino D. Ester, hydroxyl and primary amino
The structures of three natural compounds X, Y and Z are shown. (i) Identify one functional group present in all three compounds. (ii) Identify one functional group present only in compound Z.
Propanoic acid reacts with methanol to produce an ester. Draw the full structural formula of the organic product.
Which formula represents an ester? A. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 B. CH3COOCH2CH3 C. CH3CH2CONH2 D. CH3CH2COOH
Which compound is an aromatic ester? A. Compound A B. Compound B C. Compound C D. Compound D
State the name of the reagent that is heated with ethanoic acid to form this ester.
State the name of the reagent that is heated with propanoic acid to form this ester.
State the class of organic compounds to which CH3CH2COOCH3 belongs.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. State the type of bonding that joins the amino acids together along a polypeptide chain.
Palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, and palmitoleic acid, CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH, which has a cis C=C double bond, both have a chain of sixteen carbon atoms. Predict which of the two fatty acids has the higher melting point and give two reasons for…
Which pair of compounds are structural isomers? A. CH3CH2CH2OH and CH3CH2CHO B. CH3COOH and CH3CH2OH C. CH3CH2COOH and CH3CH2CH2COOH D. CH3COOCH3 and CH3CH2COOH
How are the amine and the alcohol shown classified? A. primary amine and primary alcohol B. tertiary amine and secondary alcohol C. primary amine and secondary alcohol D. secondary amine and secondary alcohol
Two colourless liquids in unlabelled bottles are cyclohexane and cyclohexene. Describe a chemical test, and the expected observation with each liquid, that would show which bottle contains cyclohexene.
Which functional groups are present in aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)? A. Hydroxyl, ester and phenyl B. Carboxyl, ester and phenyl C. Carboxyl, amido and phenyl D. Carboxyl, alkoxy and hydroxyl
Compound P contains two amino groups outside the ring system: one bonded directly to the ring and one at the end of the side chain. State which of these is a secondary amino group, giving a reason.
(i) Deduce the structural formula and the empirical formula of B. (ii) Explain, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, the effect on the yield of B of using dilute rather than concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst. (iii) Compound A has a lower molar…
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