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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuA model of liquid water uses a label on each oxygen atom to show the charge caused by unequal sharing of bonding electrons. Which label is appropriate? A. A full positive charge, + B. A partial negative charge, δ− C. A full negative charge, − D. No…
A survey compares four rocky worlds with atmospheres capable of retaining surface pressure. Which world has the temperature conditions most compatible with persistent liquid surface water? World | Typical surface range / °C | Atmospheric information P | −155…
Four molecular structures are shown. Which has distinct water-attracting and water-repelling regions and is therefore amphipathic? A. Molecule D B. Molecule B C. Molecule C D. Molecule A
Which pairing correctly explains how a particular level of protein organisation is maintained? A. Primary structure — ionic attractions between separate subunits B. Secondary structure — disulfide links joining every neighbouring residue C. Quaternary…
An enzyme was tested at constant pH with excess substrate. The results are shown. What accounts for the rise in rate from 18 °C to 30 °C? A. The enzyme molecules acquire additional active sites B. Substrate molecules collide with active sites more frequently…
Which process involves catalysis by an enzyme acting inside a cell? A. Pepsin breaking protein bonds in the stomach lumen B. Amylase digesting starch in the mouth C. Catalase decomposing hydrogen peroxide within a peroxisome D. Fungal enzymes digesting…
Which description of a respiratory stage correctly combines carbon dioxide release with reduction of NAD? A. Pyruvate oxidation: carbon dioxide is released and NAD is reduced B. Glycolysis: carbon dioxide is released but NAD remains oxidised C. The Krebs…
A reference substance R has Rf = 0.50 in this solvent system. Use its position and the table to identify the two labelled leaf-pigment bands. Pigment | Reference Rf in this solvent Chlorophyll b | 0.40 Chlorophyll a | 0.70 Phaeophytin | 0.82 Carotene |…
During bacterial chromosome replication, which enzyme can remove a wrongly incorporated nucleotide while checking the newly made strand? A. The enzyme that unwinds the parental duplex B. DNA polymerase III C. The enzyme that seals gaps between adjacent…
Which statement accurately describes the production of a polypeptide from an mRNA message? A. RNA polymerase joins amino acids while tRNA codons bind mRNA anticodons B. A ribosome joins nucleotides after matching the mRNA to DNA C. A ribosome supports…
A substitution occurs within the template strand of a protein-coding gene. The reading frame starts at the first triplet shown. Sequence | Template DNA, read 3′ to 5′ Original | TAC CTT GGA CGA Mutant | TAC CAT GGA CGA mRNA codon | Amino acid AUG | Methionine…
Why did the results of the Miller–Urey apparatus support a chemical explanation for the origin of life? A. They showed that bacteria arose repeatedly in the apparatus B. They demonstrated that modern DNA can duplicate without enzymes C. They established that…
Three eukaryotic cells have the features shown. Which classification best fits the observations? Feature | Cell P | Cell Q | Cell R Cell wall | Chitin-containing | Absent | Cellulose-containing Plastids | Absent | Absent | Present Large central vacuole |…
The diagram represents a chloroplast. Which labelled location contains the enzymes of the Calvin cycle? A. Location C B. Location D C. Location B D. Location A
Type I and type II epithelial cells perform different roles in an alveolus. Which combination of structural adaptations supports these roles? A. Type I: a thick keratin layer; type II: no secretory organelles B. Type I: many motile cilia; type II: elongated…
An individual cell separated from a two-cell mammalian embryo can still generate both the embryonic body and the supporting extraembryonic tissues. How is its developmental potential classified? A. Multipotent B. Totipotent C. Unipotent D. Pluripotent
The trace shows a neuronal action potential. At which labelled region do voltage-gated sodium channels open during this action potential? A. P B. R C. Q D. S
A cocaine molecule binds to a dopamine transporter in a presynaptic membrane. Which immediate effect accounts for its influence on synaptic communication? A. Dopamine removal from the synaptic cleft is reduced B. Dopamine is converted directly into…
A schematic records the shapes of mammalian red blood cells after immersion in a test solution. What can be deduced from their appearance? A. The external solution has a lower solute concentration and the cells have swollen B. The external solution is…
Use the rooted cladogram to choose the deduction supported by its branching pattern. A. The lizard is more closely related to the perch than to the rabbit B. The salamander lacks lungs because it branches before the mammals C. The hare shares a more recent…
A recording includes quiet breathing followed by a maximal inspiration and maximal expiration. What is the vital capacity per unit body mass? A. 8 mL kg⁻¹ B. 12 mL kg⁻¹ C. 76 mL kg⁻¹ D. 64 mL kg⁻¹
Identical leafy shoots with open stomata are supplied with water. Which environmental change would increase water loss from their leaves, with other factors held constant? A. Replacing moving air with still air B. Raising air temperature while keeping relative…
During a blood-pressure measurement the cuff is gradually deflated. The graph includes the arterial pressure oscillations. Which pair gives the systolic pressure followed by the diastolic pressure? A. 148 mmHg, then 58 mmHg B. 82 mmHg, then 128 mmHg C. 128…
After a person steps on a sharp object, a withdrawal reflex bends the leg. Which component acts as the effector? A. A contracting leg muscle B. A sensory axon from the skin C. A relay neuron in the spinal cord D. A pain receptor in the sole
Which cell can provide an innate defence by engulfing microbes without first selecting a clone with a matching antigen receptor? A. A plasma cell secreting one antibody specificity B. A memory B cell C. An activated helper T cell D. A macrophage
Ripening pears release a gaseous signal that stimulates neighbouring fruit to ripen and to release more of the same signal. Which substance participates in this positive-feedback process? A. Abscisic acid B. Ethylene C. Insulin D. Gibberellin
In this longitudinal flower diagram, which description identifies X and the reproductive organ to which it belongs? A. X is a stigma belonging to a carpel B. X is an ovule belonging to a stamen C. X is an anther belonging to a stamen D. X is a sepal belonging…
Several hours after a meal, blood glucose falls below its regulated range. Which response helps restore the concentration? A. Pancreatic glucagon secretion stimulates breakdown of liver glycogen B. Pancreatic insulin secretion stimulates storage of glucose as…
At a locus showing incomplete dominance in snapdragons, homozygous crimson and ivory plants produce only pale-rose heterozygotes. What phenotypic proportions are expected when two of these heterozygotes are crossed? A. Half crimson and half ivory, with no…
Which sequence correctly links hormonal changes to the onset of puberty? A. Pituitary LH rises → hypothalamic GnRH falls → gonadal steroid output stops B. Hypothalamic GnRH release increases → pituitary LH release increases → gonadal sex-steroid production…
Penguins are birds and seals are mammals. Both swim using flattened forelimbs with corresponding humerus, radius and ulna bones. Which evolutionary interpretation best explains these observations? A. The swimming specialisations are homologous because the…
The great auk was a flightless seabird of the North Atlantic that became extinct in the nineteenth century. Which human pressure is recognised as the principal cause of its extinction? A. Unsustainable harvesting of individuals and eggs B. Nutrient enrichment…
Two species have almost identical requirements for a limiting resource. In a constant environment, one consistently uses that resource more efficiently. Which outcome illustrates competitive exclusion? A. Predation must always increase until both competitors…
Ecologists mark 84 woodlice and return them to a study site. After mixing, a second sample contains 72 woodlice, of which 18 are marked. Using N = MC/R, what is the estimated population? A. 174 B. 336 C. 6048 D. 1512
A microorganism fixes carbon dioxide using energy released when it oxidises hydrogen sulfide. Which nutritional category fits this organism? A. Photoheterotroph B. Saprotrophic heterotroph C. Chemoautotroph D. Photoautotroph
Why are Endler’s controlled studies of guppy colour patterns useful evidence for natural selection? A. They show that changing predation pressure can alter which inherited male colour patterns become common B. They show that every guppy acquires the colour it…
A newly exposed lava surface is followed as a community develops over many years. Which general trend would support primary succession? A. Progressive removal of all detritivores B. A steady decline in the number of feeding relationships C. Immediate…
Which process provides the principal human contribution to the recent global warming trend? A. A sustained decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide from industry B. Oxidation of fossil carbon in fuels, increasing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations C. A…
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