Link the convergence limit of an emission spectrum to ionization, calculate the first ionization energy per mole from the wavelength or frequency of that limit (E = hν, c = λν), and explain first ionization energy trends across a period and down a group.
Tę umiejętność sprawdza 13 zadań wzorowanych na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
Energy can also be produced by a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell that uses an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide as the electrolyte. Hydrogen gas is fed to the anode and oxygen gas to the cathode. (i) Deduce the half-equations for the electrode reactions in this…
(i) Outline why the strength of the metallic bond increases from potassium, K, to calcium, Ca. (ii) Write an equation for the reaction of potassium, K, with water, including state symbols. (iii) Outline why the electronegativity of chlorine is greater than…
Calculate the wavelength, in m, of the limit of convergence in the line emission spectrum of tin. Use sections 1, 2 and 9 of the data booklet.
Gallium was discovered in 1875 from its atomic emission spectrum, which contains two strong violet lines. (i) State which feature of an emission spectrum allows the ionization energy of the element to be determined. (ii) Using sections 1, 2 and 9 of the data…
(i) The boxes for the 1s and 2s orbitals of a sulfur atom are shown below. Draw the remaining orbitals needed for its ground-state electron configuration, filling and labelling each one. Use section 7 of the data booklet. (ii) For a sulfur atom, sketch the…
The presence of hydrogen in stars is deduced from lines in their spectra. (i) Outline what the emission spectrum of hydrogen looks like. Emission spectra of species that contain a single electron can be explained by a model in which the electron is held by the…
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the pH of surface seawater were measured at a monitoring station over nineteen years. The graph shows the annual mean values. (i) Outline the relationship between the carbon dioxide mixing ratio and the pH of the seawater. (ii)…
Explain the decrease in first ionization energy from magnesium to aluminium.
Using nuclear charge, electron sub-levels and the shielding by filled inner shells, explain why the first ionization energy rises from sodium to magnesium but falls from magnesium to aluminium.
Outline how the atomic emission spectrum of aluminium could be used to find its first ionization energy.
Outline how data from the atomic emission spectrum of aluminium could be used to find its first ionization energy.
The diagram represents the electron energy levels in a hydrogen atom. (i) Suggest two features of the behaviour of electrons in atoms that this energy level model cannot explain or represent. (ii) Draw an arrow, labelled X, on the diagram to represent the…
Determine the frequency, in s−1, of a photon that will cause the first ionization of silver. Use sections 1, 2 and 9 of the data booklet.
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