Zadanie 2b
(i) Explain why Rb has a lower first ionization energy than strontium, Sr. (ii) Outline why Rb has a lower electronegativity than potassium, K. (iii) Explain why oxygen, O, has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen, N.
Periodic trends in atomic properties
Explain trends in atomic radius, ionic radius, first ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity across a period and down a group in terms of nuclear charge, shielding and distance from the nucleus, and compare the sizes of isoelectronic ions.
Tę umiejętność sprawdzają 33 zadania wzorowane na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
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Zadanie 3b
(i) Outline why the strength of the metallic bond increases from potassium, K, to calcium, Ca. (ii) Write an equation for the reaction of potassium, K, with water, including state symbols. (iii) Outline why the electronegativity of chlorine is greater than…
Zadanie 12
Which row correctly describes how the properties of the halogens change down group 17, listed in the order: non-metallic character, boiling point of the element, atomic radius? A. Increases, increases, increases B. Decreases, increases, increases C. Decreases,…
Zadanie 13
Why is the first ionization energy of potassium lower than that of sodium? A. Potassium has fewer protons in its nucleus than sodium B. The outer electron of potassium is in a higher main energy level, further from the nucleus and more shielded C. Potassium…
Zadanie 14
Why do halogens form 1− ions? A. Highly exothermic electron affinity, so the atoms gain one electron B. Low ionization energy, so the atoms lose one electron C. High ionization energy, so the atoms gain one electron D. Low electronegativity, so the atoms gain…
Zadanie 2c
Gallium was discovered in 1875 from its atomic emission spectrum, which contains two strong violet lines. (i) State which feature of an emission spectrum allows the ionization energy of the element to be determined. (ii) Using sections 1, 2 and 9 of the data…
Zadanie 9d
Explain the following trend in the atomic radii of three of the atoms in the urea molecule: H < N < C.
Zadanie 12
Why is the first ionization energy of sulfur greater than that of magnesium? A. The outer electrons of sulfur are further from the nucleus. B. Sulfur atoms have more occupied main energy levels. C. Sulfur atoms have a greater nuclear charge, while the…
Zadanie 14
Phosphorus occurs as the atom and as several ions. In which row are the species arranged from the smallest radius to the largest? A. P3−, P, P3+, P5+ B. P5+, P3+, P, P3− C. P,…
Zadanie 15
Which statement explains why the atomic radius decreases across period 3 from magnesium, Mg, to sulfur, S? A. The number of occupied main energy levels increases B. The shielding effect of the inner electrons decreases C. The number of protons in the nucleus…
Zadanie 1a
(i) The boxes for the 1s and 2s orbitals of a sulfur atom are shown below. Draw the remaining orbitals needed for its ground-state electron configuration, filling and labelling each one. Use section 7 of the data booklet. (ii) For a sulfur atom, sketch the…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1a
Titanium is not included in the graph. Use sections 9 and 10 of the data booklet to find its atomic radius and first ionization energy, and annotate the graph with a cross (X) at the position of the data point for titanium.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1b
Suggest what causes the two quantities in the graph to be related in this way.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1c
The data show that the first ionization energy and the atomic radius are related. (i) State what kind of relationship links the two variables. (ii) Compare and contrast the trends observed for the three groups.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 5c
(i) Using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet, and showing your working, deduce the type of bonding present in magnesium chloride, MgCl2, and its percentage covalent character. (ii) Assuming purely ionic bonding, and using sections 9 and 12 of the…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 15
Which statement is correct for the group 17 elements from chlorine to iodine? A. The first ionization energy of the elements decreases. B. The elements become stronger oxidizing agents. C. The elements become more volatile. D. The radius of the halide ion…
Zadanie 2b
The presence of hydrogen in stars is deduced from lines in their spectra. (i) Outline what the emission spectrum of hydrogen looks like. Emission spectra of species that contain a single electron can be explained by a model in which the electron is held by the…
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1e
State, giving a reason, how the lattice enthalpy of lithium tartrate, Li2C4H4O6, would differ from that of sodium tartrate.
Zadanie 6
Which graph shows the correct trend in the first ionization energies of the elements with atomic number Z = 11 to Z = 18? A. Graph A B. Graph B C. Graph C D. Graph D
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 7
Which set of ions shows increasing ionic radii? A. Mg2+ < Na+ < O2− < F− B. Mg2+ < Na+ < F− < O2− C. O2− < F− < Na+ < Mg2+ D. Na+ < Mg2+ < F− < O2−
Zadanie 16
Which change represents the first electron affinity of chlorine? A. Cl2(g) → 2 Cl(g) B. Cl(g) + e− → Cl−(g) C. Cl(g) → Cl+(g) + e− D. Cl−(g) → Cl(g) + e−
Zadanie 1a
Outline why the first ionization energies of all the elements in the table are positive, whereas the first electron affinities of most of them are negative.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1d
Suggest one reason why the first electron affinity of magnesium is positive.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1e
Suggest reasons why argon has the largest first ionization energy and the largest positive first electron affinity of the elements in period 3. Largest first ionization energy: Largest positive first electron affinity:
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1f
Suggest whether the first electron affinity of xenon is greater or smaller than that of argon, and give one reason for your answer.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 1d
Explain the steady fall in atomic volume from element 11 to element 13.
Zadanie 1e
Estimate the atomic volume, in cm3 mol−1, of element 20.
Zadanie 2b
Explain why the first ionization energy decreases from beryllium to barium in group 2.
Zadanie 7
Which properties decrease down group 17, the halogens? I. electronegativity II. first ionization energy III. melting point A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
Zadanie 1e
Most oxide ions are . (i) State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this ion. (ii) Some oxide ions are . State the term that describes the relationship between and . (iii) The…
Zadanie 2a
Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is greater than that of sodium.
Zadanie 5
What is the correct order of increasing first ionization energy? A. N < O < F B. O < N < F C. F < N < O D. O < F < N
Zadanie 8
Which property of the elements generally increases from left to right across period 3 and decreases down group 17? A. Atomic radius B. Electronegativity C. Metallic character D. Ionic radius