Explain trends in atomic radius, ionic radius, first ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity across a period and down a group in terms of nuclear charge, shielding and distance from the nucleus, and compare the sizes of isoelectronic ions.
Gallium was discovered in 1875 from its atomic emission spectrum, which contains two strong violet lines. (i) State which feature of an emission spectrum allows the ionization energy of the element to be determined. (ii) Using sections 1, 2 and 9 of the data…
Explain the following trend in the atomic radii of three of the atoms in the urea molecule: H < N < C.
Why is the first ionization energy of sulfur greater than that of magnesium? A. The outer electrons of sulfur are further from the nucleus. B. Sulfur atoms have more occupied main energy levels. C. Sulfur atoms have a greater nuclear charge, while the…
Phosphorus occurs as the atom and as several ions. In which row are the species arranged from the smallest radius to the largest? A. , , , B. , , , C. ,…
Which statement explains why the atomic radius decreases across period 3 from magnesium, Mg, to sulfur, S? A. The number of occupied main energy levels increases B. The shielding effect of the inner electrons decreases C. The number of protons in the nucleus…
(i) The boxes for the 1s and 2s orbitals of a sulfur atom are shown below. Draw the remaining orbitals needed for its ground-state electron configuration, filling and labelling each one. Use section 7 of the data booklet. (ii) For a sulfur atom, sketch the…
Titanium is not included in the graph. Use sections 9 and 10 of the data booklet to find its atomic radius and first ionization energy, and annotate the graph with a cross (X) at the position of the data point for titanium.
Suggest what causes the two quantities in the graph to be related in this way.
The data show that the first ionization energy and the atomic radius are related. (i) State what kind of relationship links the two variables. (ii) Compare and contrast the trends observed for the three groups.
(i) Using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet, and showing your working, deduce the type of bonding present in magnesium chloride, , and its percentage covalent character. (ii) Assuming purely ionic bonding, and using sections 9 and 12 of the…
Which statement is correct for the group 17 elements from chlorine to iodine? A. The first ionization energy of the elements decreases. B. The elements become stronger oxidizing agents. C. The elements become more volatile. D. The radius of the halide ion…
The presence of hydrogen in stars is deduced from lines in their spectra. (i) Outline what the emission spectrum of hydrogen looks like. Emission spectra of species that contain a single electron can be explained by a model in which the electron is held by the…