Wzorowane na: Chemistry HL Paper 2, May 2025, TZ1, pytanie 8(c). Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
Informacja do zadań 8a-8f.
Many everyday materials, flavourings and fuels are organic compounds.
But-2-ene and other alkenes serve as starting materials for a wide range of compounds.
(i) Predict the product formed when but-2-ene reacts with bromine.
(iii) Outline why but-2-ene, unlike butane, readily undergoes this type of reaction.
(iv) State the general molecular formula shared by every member of the alkene homologous series.
(v) Alkenes can be converted into alkanes by the addition of hydrogen. Explain the trend in the boiling points of the first four straight-chain alkanes, shown in the table, in terms of the intermolecular forces present.
| Alkane | Boiling point / K |
|---|---|
| methane | 112 |
| ethane | 185 |
| propane | 231 |
| butane | 273 |
(i) 2,3-dibromobutane / ✔
(ii) curly arrow from the C=C bond to the nearer Br atom of AND curly arrow from the Br-Br bond to the far Br atom «heterolytic fission of the polarized
carbocation
curly arrow from a lone pair / the negative charge on to the ✔
(iii) the C=C double bond has a high electron density «π electrons» which attracts electrophiles «and polarizes » / the π bond can break so that two new bonds form ✔
(iv) ✔
(v) London (dispersion) forces «only» act between the alkane molecules ✔
these forces become stronger as the chain length / number of electrons / size of the electron cloud / molar mass increases, so more energy is needed to separate the molecules ✔
(i) [1] for the name or the structure. (ii) [1] per marking point; the arrows must start from the π bond, from the Br-Br bond and from the bromide lone pair respectively. (iii) [1]; accept «susceptible to electrophilic attack». (iv) [1]; subscripts not essential. (v) M1: London (dispersion) forces, not «van der Waals forces» alone; M2: strength increasing with chain length, number of electrons or surface area.
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