Zadanie 2a, Paper 2, specimen 2025, Chemia IB HL

2 pktotwarteśrednie (szac.)Paper 2, specimen 2025

Wzorowane na: Chemistry HL Paper 2, specimen 2025, pytanie 2(a). Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.

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Zadanie

Wspólne informacje do wiązki zadań

The structure of the atom is described by models that have been tested against experimental evidence.

Polecenie

α-particles are the nuclei of helium-4 atoms. In an experiment based on the work of Geiger and Marsden, a beam of α-particles is directed at a very thin platinum foil and the angle of deflection, θ, of each particle is recorded by a detector that can be moved around the foil. Two possible trajectories are shown: trajectory P passes straight through the foil and trajectory Q returns towards the source.

schematic of the scattering experiment: a source sends a beam of alpha-particles at a thin platinum foil mounted at the centre of a circular track along which a detector can be moved; trajectory P continues straight through the foil, trajectory Q is deflected back towards the source through a large angle θPowiększ
schematic of the scattering experiment: a source sends a beam of alpha-particles at a thin platinum foil mounted at the centre of a circular track along which a detector can be moved; trajectory P continues straight through the foil, trajectory Q is deflected back towards the source through a large angle θ

The relative number of α-particles detected at each angle of deflection is shown in the graph.

graph of the relative number of alpha-particles detected against the angle of deflection from −180° to +180°: a tall narrow peak at 0° labelled P and a very small number of particles at large angles labelled QPowiększ
graph of the relative number of alpha-particles detected against the angle of deflection from −180° to +180°: a tall narrow peak at 0° labelled P and a very small number of particles at large angles labelled Q

(i) Explain why a small number of α-particles follow trajectory Q and are deflected back towards the source.

(ii) Almost all of the α-particles follow trajectory P and pass through the foil undeflected (θ = 0°). Suggest what this observation indicates about the structure of the atom.

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Odpowiedź z klucza

(i) «the α-particles pass very close to» a platinum nucleus, which is positively charged «and very dense», and are repelled by it ✔

(ii) the atom is mostly empty space

OR

the nucleus is very small compared with the size of the atom ✔

Schemat punktowania

(i) [1]: repulsion by the positive (dense) nucleus; a reference to collisions with electrons scores zero. (ii) [1]: empty space or tiny nucleus.

Komentarz. The evidence for a positive nucleus is the repulsion of the positively charged α-particles; the evidence for its small size is how rarely that happens.

Umiejętności w zadaniu

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